Cyclic development and longevity of theileria parva in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

This is a study of the functional morphology of the muscular and reproductive systems of the adult beetle, Atomaria ruficornis (Marsham) made by means of serial sections and dissections. An account is given of the skeleto-muscular system of the head, thorax and abdomen with reference to previous work in this sphere. Wherever possible, the muscles described have been homologized with those of other Coleoptera. In a small number of cases, it has been found necessary to use new names for muscles. The probable mode of action of the mouth-parts and foregut during feeding is described. An account is given of the reproductive organs and genitalia of both male and female beetles; the muscular system of the genitalia in both sexes is described fully, and the functioning of the genitalia is discussed.

XIV.—The Muscular and Reproductive Systems of Atomaria ruficornis (Marsham) (Coleoptera, Cryptophagidæ.)*

The( histology of the spermatheca of the Tenebrionid beetles has been very poorly studied. The structure of the spermatheca of Triboliu?, castaetur, IIHerbst differs greatly from the Coleop teran spermath ece described by previous authors (see Snodgrass, 1935; In mls, 1934). It is characterized by being unrecognizable in gross anatomcial dissection. The descriptive terms used in this paper are those employed by Snodgrass (1935). IATIRIALS AND M!IETHODS Adult females of Triboliinl castanJeum Herbst were fixed in Mukerji's fluid (Miukerji, 1937; Sinha, 1953, in press) and serial sections of the entire body, 8 micra in thickness, were made in transverse and longitudinal planes. The technique employed for sectioning the sclerotized beetles was that of Mukerji with the author's modification. Some dissections of the organ were also made in normal saline solution and later sectioned by the ordi nary, paraffin method. Sets of the serial sections of tlhe insects were stained in Mallory's triple stainl and Delafield's lemlatoxy li1 and Eosin, whereas the sets from the dissected organs were stained only in'the latter. DESCRIPTION The spermatheca of the Tribolium, castaneulr I-Herbst is a blunt, apical, anterior swelling of the vagina:t which is totally unrecog nizable from outside. It is 0.08 nmn. long and 0.1.3 mnm. in diam eter and is located 0.13 m11n. above the juncfion of the fifth and the sixth abdominal sterla (third and fourth visible sterna) in natural position. A study of the serial sections reveals that the organ is a rectangulatr mImus:cular chamber iomposcd- of four long

The spermatheca in the flour beetle (tribolium castaneum herbst)1

Studi sugli Scorpioni: I. - Una nuova caratteristica tipica del tegumento degli Scorpioni

Frozen sections of arthropods for histological studies and fluorescent antibody investigations.

Adult insects of different orders including beetles were fixed in a mixture of a saturated solution of picric acid in 90% alcohol, 75 parts; formalin, 25 parts; nitric acid (cone), 8 parts, 4–6 days and even up to 10 days depending upon the hardness of the cuticle (addition of 5% mercuric chloride to this mixture is recommended when prolonged immersion is required), or in Carnoy and Lebruns' fluid 24–48 hours and then transferred to a solution of 3–6 parts of nitric acid in 100 parts of 90% alcohol (3–6 days). After dehydration in different grades of alcohol, the insects were double embedded in celloidin and paraffin, either by (1) clove oil for 1 day, then to a saturated solution of celloidin in clove oil matured for at least 2 months for 20–40 days, or (2) the conventional ether-alcohol-celloidin mixture for 7 days; followed by hardening in chloroform. The difficulty in the proper infiltration of paraffin into celloidin hardened by chloroform around the insect is avoided by keeping the block overnight i...

Ranendra Nath Sinha

Papers

Sectioning insects with sclerotized cuticle.