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Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.

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Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease

In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases.

Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals are involved in a variety of biological phenomena, such as mutation, carcinogenesis, degenerative and other diseases, inflammation, aging, and development. ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as deleterious and beneficial species. The objectives of this review are to describe oxidative stress phenomena, terminology, definitions, and basic chemical characteristics of the species involved; examine the biological targets susceptible to oxidation and the defense mechanisms of the organism against these reactive metabolites; and analyze methodologies, including immunohistochemical markers, used in toxicological pathology in the visualization of oxidative stress phenomena. Direct detection of ROS and other free radicals is difficult, because these molecules are short-lived and highly reactive in a nonspecific manner. Ongoing oxidative damage is, thus, generally analyzed by measurement of secondary products including derivatives of amino acids, nuclei acids, and lipid peroxidation. Attention has been focused on electrochemical methods based on voltammetry measurements for evaluating the total reducing power of biological fluids and tissues. This approach can function as a tool to assess the antioxidant-reducing profile of a biological site and follow changes in pathological situations. This review thus includes different topics essential for understanding oxidative stress phenomena and provides tools for those intending to conduct study and research in this field.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01926230290166724

Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification.

The aging paradox : free radical theory of aging

Privacy preserving has originated as an important concern with reference to the success of the data mining. Privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) deals with protecting the privacy of individual data or sensitive knowledge without sacrificing the utility of the data. People have become well aware of the privacy intrusions on their personal data and are very reluctant to share their sensitive information. This may lead to the inadvertent results of the data mining. Within the constraints of privacy, several methods have been proposed but still this branch of research is in its infancy. The success of privacy preserving data mining algorithms is measured in terms of its performance, data utility, level of uncertainty or resistance to data mining algorithms etc. However no privacy preserving algorithm exists that outperforms all others on all possible criteria. Rather, an algorithm may perform better than another on one specific criterion. So, the aim of this paper is to present current scenario of privacy preserving data mining tools and techniques and propose some future research directions.

Privacy Preserving Data Mining Techniques: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

Donepezil nanosuspension intended for nose to brain targeting: In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with autoantibodies as a near universal feature of the disease. Earlier investigations from our laboratory revealed increased oxidative damage in SLE patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that oxidative by-products, such as hydroxyl radical (*OH), could lead to neoantigens like *OH damaged human serum albumin (HSA), which could in turn initiate autoimmunity in SLE. In the present study, the binding characteristics of SLE autoantibodies with native and *OH damaged HSA were assessed. SLE patients (n = 74) were examined by direct binding ELISA and the results were compared with healthy age- and sex-matched controls (n = 44). High degree of specific binding by 52.7% of patients sera towards *OH damaged HSA, in comparison to its native analogue (p < 0.05) was observed. Normal human sera showed negligible binding with either antigen. Competitive ELISA and gel retardation assays reiterate the direct binding results. The increase in total serum protein carbonyl levels in the SLE patients was largely due to an increase in oxidized albumin. HSA of SLE patients (SLE-HSA) and normal subjects (normal-HSA) were purified. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the SLE-HSA samples contained higher levels of carbonyls than normal-HSA (p < 0.01). SLE-HSA was conformationally altered, with more exposure of its hydrophobic regions. Collectively, the oxidation of plasma proteins, especially HSA, might enhance oxidative stress in SLE patients.

Rashid Ali

Papers

The aging paradox : free radical theory of aging

Privacy Preserving Data Mining Techniques: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

Donepezil nanosuspension intended for nose to brain targeting: In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation

Enhanced recognition of reactive oxygen species damaged human serum albumin by circulating systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies

Reactive oxygen species damaged human serum albumin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: biochemical and immunological studies.