Morphological features of the minor salivary glands

Background: Speciamens of human anterior lingual salivary glans obtained by surgery and by dissection of cadavers were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically.



Methods: Specimens were obtained by surgery for ultrastructural study. Other specimens for histochemistry were obtained by dissection of fresh cadavers. Tissues for electron microscopy were fixed and processed by conventional mesns. Formalin-fixed cadaver specimens were subjected to a battery of tests for glycoconjugates.



Results: The anterior lingual salivary glands are composed predominantly of mucous tubules (which come in two distinct sizes: large and small), seromucous demilunes, and rare seromucous acini. Regardless of tubule size, mucous cells are typically in appearance and, like mucous cells in other human salivary glands, contain filamentous bodies. Histochemically, the larger tubules contain neutral glycoproteins, low concentrations of sialoglycoproteins, and large amounts of sulfated glycoproteins. The small mucous tubules contain neutral glycoproteins, much sialoglycoprotein, and relatively small amounts of sulfated glycoprotein. The seromucous cells, whether demilunar or acinar, are identical. They contain numerous secretory granules, which show a spectrum of internal patterns from one individual to another. These cells have considerable concentrations of neutral- and sialoglycoproteins and lower concentrations of sulfated gly-coproteins. Countrary to previously published reports, we could find no differences in the ratio of mucous to seromucous cells along the anteriorposterior lingual axis: there was no gradient of seromucous cells in our specimens. The ducts in the anterior lingual salivary glands are not precise counterparts of those in the major salivary glands, since the former have no capsules, hence lack lobulation. Without these familiar structural landmarks, the only duct that can be identified with certainty is the intercalated duct, and then only if it is in continuity with or lies close to a secretory endpiece. Such ducts consist of simple cuboidal epithelium of prosaic appearance. The ductular epithelium gradually thickens and gives rise to what appear to be excretory ducts consisting of columnar cells with few mitochondria. Scattered within the walls of the walls of the larger ducts are patches of typical striated ducts wherein the taller cells display basal striations resulting from highly folded basal plasma membranes and numerous, vertically oriented, virgulate mitochondria. In other atypical regions of the excretory duct, basal cells may have a primary cilium that juts into the intercellular space.



Conclusions: There is a high degree of structural variability in human anterior lingual salivary glands. Because of the technical difficulties in collecting pristine saliva from these glands, the precise functions(s) of these organs remains unknown. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ultrastructure and histochemistry of human anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of blandin and nuhn)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.12116

Efficient Performance Analysis of Energy Aware on Demand Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium. In some species, there is a progression of epithelial types: the proximal EDs are composed of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium that, in the excurrent direction, usually gives way to the pseudostratified variety. Secretory granules are visible in the apical cytoplasm of the principal cells of the EDs of only a few species, but histochemistry has shown the presence of a variety of glycoproteins in these cells in a spectrum of species. Moreover, the latter methodology has revealed the presence of a variety of oxidative, acid hydrolytic, and transport enzymes in the EDs, showing that, rather than simply acting as a conduit for saliva, these ducts play a metabolically active role in gland function. It is difficult to describe a "typical" mammalian ED because it can vary along its length and interspecific variation does not follow a phylogenetic pattern. Moreover, in contrast to intercalated and striated ducts, ED cellular features do not exhibit a relationship to diet.

https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ar.a.20319

Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: Structural and histochemical review

Structure of the duct system in mammalian major salivary glands.

Convergecast, the process of data collection from set of sensor nodes and forwards to the sink node over a tree based topology is a fundamental traffic pattern in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN). Time Division Multiple Acess(TDMA) protocol is considered for scheduling, where time is divided into slots. The main aim of this paper is to reduce the number of time slots (scheduling length) using different methods like minimum time slots assignment for Breadth first search (BFS) algorithm, simultaneous assignment of time slots for Local time slot algorithm, balanced tree construction and multiple frequency assignment methods. This proposed work involves construction of a tree structure with random placement of nodes and a BFS algorithm is implemented for aggregated converge cast, which allots minimum time slots to the nodes, a local time slot algorithm is implemented for raw data convergecast, which allots parallel time slots to the nodes to allow simultaneous transmissions. This praposed method attains the less schedule length by using the balanced tree structures. Initially constructed a tree structure with random placement of nodes and applied BFS algorithm for that tree structure. In BFS algorithm, 5 timeslots are required for 10 nodes to send data packets to sink node. The modification of BFS is DCT algorithm, in this algorithm 3 time slots are required for 10 nodes to send data packets to sink node. So from the simulation results we can conclude that, the schedule length is reduced by 40%.

Improvement of speed in data collection rate in tree based wireless sensor network

Dynamic Energy investment funds streamlining gets to be one of the significant worries in the remote sensor system (WSN) directing convention outline, because of the way that most sensor hubs are furnished with the constrained non rechargeable battery power. In this paper, we concentrate on minimizing vitality utilization and amplifying system lifetime for information transfer in one-dimensional (1-D) line system. Taking after the standard of entrepreneurial directing hypothesis, multi-bounce hand-off choice to streamline the system vitality productivity is made in light of the distinctions among sensor hubs, as far as both their separation to sink and the lingering vitality of each other and in view of transfer hub separation. In particular, Energy Balancing Multi-bounce steering in view of Swarm knowledge (EBMRS) calculation is intended to guarantee least power cost amid information transfer and ensure the hubs with moderately low leftover vitality. By using above technique it is also possible to increase network lifetime by selecting appropriate routing scheme which results in, minimized energy consumption and increased network lifetime. Our research work proves better results than other protocols.

Opportunistic routing technique for minimized energy consumption for relay node selection in wireless sensor networks

Improved resource allocation scheme for optimizing the performance of cell edge users in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm optimally assigns and allocates Carrier Components (CCs), Radio Blocks (RBs) and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) index for the users based on the Quality of Service (QoS) provision to meet the on demand service requests. The proposed algorithm divides the cell regions into cell centre and cell edge depending on the traffic load on the network. The available RBs are allocated to meet the on demands requests of the users among these two regions. RB usage ratio for optimizing the performance of the scheduling algorithm is used during resource allocation. As the RB usage ratio reaches more than 70%, throughput and data rates of the cell may not be reached in timely and reliable manner. The proposed algorithm takes RB usage ratio into consideration during scheduling to maintain minimum QoS provisions of the users for resource allocation. Simulation result shows that, performance of the cell edge users optimally met with minimum throughput and data rates for reliable communication in the LTE-A system.

Improved resource allocation scheme for optimizing the performance of cell-edge users in LTE-A system

The hugely increasing demand for mobile broadband access to internet based services will soon challenge even the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular technology and its future enhancements. The Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning is an important issue in the mobility management of wireless femtocell networks of LTE technology. According to the scheduler allocates resources, required QoS of the user with use of Resource Blocks (RBs) based on the received channel condition feedback form the User Equipments (UEs) in the form of Channel Quality Indicator (CQI). There are several scheduling algorithms are existing, but fails to meet the QoS requirement simultaneously along with scheduling disciplines for communications for public safety users that are demanded to intervene in case of special events or in post disaster area where extremely high peaks of internet capacity required. The existing study on LTE Advanced (LTE-A) scheduling is mostly limited to unidirectional method of resource allocation in Uplink Link (UL) or Down Link (DL), separately. But, there are some works on the bidirectional UL-DL scheduling in other wireless technologies. There is scope of research in the upcoming years in UL-DL joint scheduling in LTE-A system. This paper deals with Study and understanding of the existing LTE system, mainly about the different resouce allocation methods to employed and proposes a new novel algorithm for both UL and DL scheduling of resources. The proposed work aims to bring the fairness among the end users with reduced delay.

Study of different resource allocation scheduling policy in advanced LTE with carrier aggregation

Face mask recognition has grown significantly in recent years as a result of Corona's insistence on its numerous applications in law enforcement, security, and other commercial applications. A unique technique for performing face new line detection and face mask identification is presented. The proposed method employs a YoLo technique to recognise the objects like face masks in pictures and videos as a measure for COVID-19 precaution. Extensive testing on datasets and performance assessment of the suggested approaches are demonstrated. Furthermore, we used a symbolic method to successfully maintain inter and intra class differences in face mask detection. The proposed work is being created as a prototype to monitor temperature and identify masks for individuals. The first technique employs a temperature sensor to detect the body's current temperature. In the second way, the work is aimed at offering a safety mechanism for individuals in order to avoid COVID-19. Extensive experimentation on 50 different image datasets was carried out to assess the performance of the suggested technique. For ten random trials, we experimented with different training and testing percentages. Based on the data, we conclude that the symbolic method produces better outcomes than the conventional one.

Ravi Gatti

Papers

Improvement of speed in data collection rate in tree based wireless sensor network

Opportunistic routing technique for minimized energy consumption for relay node selection in wireless sensor networks

Improved resource allocation scheme for optimizing the performance of cell-edge users in LTE-A system

Study of different resource allocation scheduling policy in advanced LTE with carrier aggregation

Face Mask Detection and Temperature Scanning for the Covid-19 Surveillance System