Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah, by Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, in association with the Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Paris, 2004. xi + 340 pages. Index to p. 349. $29.50. Olivier Roy devotes much of Globalized Islam to the distinction between what he calls "Islamism" and "neofundamentalism." He argues that Islamist movements tend to seek power in specific countries and have become increasingly nationalistic. Neofundamentalist movements, on the other hand, tend to focus on the Islamic world as a whole and do not concentrate on achieving power. According to Roy, neofundamentalists usually favor da'wa, or preaching, over jihad. "For neofundamentalists the aim of action is salvation, not revolution" (p. 248). Even when neofundamentalists do engage in jihad, they still shun "political action" (p. 250). Yet, Roy's list of "neofundamentalist" movements includes al-Qa'ida as well as the Tablighi Jama'a (p. 234). It is hard to see how anyone could argue that al-Qa'ida is more interested in salvation than revolution or that its acts of violence are not political. Roy is a knowledgeable and insightful scholar, and he makes many important points. He rightly stresses that Islam often serves primarily as a marker of national and/ or ethnic identity rather than as a political program. He rightly criticizes those who think that the behavior of Muslims today can simply be explained by examining verses of the Qur'an. And he correctly emphasizes that al-Qa'ida has an anti-imperialist dimension that should not be ignored (although this is hard to reconcile with his characterization of al-Qa'ida as an apolitical neofundamentalist movement). At the same time, however, Roy makes many sweeping generalizations that are simply inaccurate. He claims that "Bin Laden only paid lip-service to Palestine till the end of 2001" (p. 3). This is a common assertion. It is also an erroneous one. In a 1994 letter to Sheikh 'Abd al-'Aziz bin Baz, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden wrote: "The Shar'i obligation regarding Palestine and our Palestinian brothers, [who are] among the helpless oppressed men, women, and children, is jihad in the path of God and inciting the Umma to jihad to liberate all of Palestine and return it to Islamic rule." Much of this letter is devoted to rejecting the very idea of a peace agreement with Israel. (The Arabic text of the letter is available online at http://www.alwahabiya.org/articles/binladen_to_binbaz.htm) Roy asserts that "popular mobilisation in the Middle East centres around nationalism...not around Islam" (p. 51). Similarly, he contends that "Osama Bin Laden did not grasp that the genuine antiAmericanism of the 'average' Arab had never led to a sustainable political mobilisation, and that if such mobilisation ever did happen it would be over Palestine and Iraq that is, over Arab and not Islamic issues" (p. 56). It is true that groups like Hamas and the main movements fighting the American-led occupation of Iraq have a nationalist dimension, and this is an important point. …

Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah

Exogenous cannabinoids are structurally and pharmacologically diverse compounds that are widely used. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the data characterizing the potential for these compounds to act as substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes, with the aim of clarifying the significance of these properties in clinical care and drug interactions. In vitro data were identified that characterize cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzymes as potential significant contributors to the primary metabolism of several exogenous cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; CYPs 2C9, 3A4); cannabidiol (CBD; CYPs 2C19, 3A4); cannabinol (CBN; CYPs 2C9, 3A4); JWH-018 (CYPs 1A2, 2C9); and AM2201 (CYPs 1A2, 2C9). CYP-450 enzymes may also contribute to the secondary metabolism of THC, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases have been identified as capable of catalyzing both primary (CBD, CBN) and secondary (THC, JWH-018, JWH-073) cannabinoid metabolism. Clinical pharmacogenetic data...

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Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review

Background and aims
The full burden of the opioid epidemic on US hospitals has not been described. We aimed to estimate how heroin (HOD) and prescription opioid (POD) overdose-associated admissions, costs, outcomes and patient characteristics have changed from 2001 to 2012.

Design
Retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS).

Setting
United States of America.

Participants
Hospital admissions in patients aged 18 years or older admitted with a diagnosis of HOD or POD. The NIS sample included 94 492 438 admissions from 2001 to 2012. The final unweighted study sample included 138 610 admissions (POD: 122 147 and HOD: 16 463).

Measurements
Primary outcomes were rates of admissions per 100 000 people using US Census Bureau annual estimates. Other outcomes included in-patient mortality, hospital length-of-stay, cumulative and mean hospital costs and patient demographics. All analyses were weighted to provide national estimates.

Findings
Between 2001 and 2012, an estimated 663 715 POD and HOD admissions occurred nation-wide. HOD admissions increased 0.11 per 100 000 people per year [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04, 0.17], while POD admissions increased 1.25 per 100 000 people per year (95% CI = 1.15, 1.34). Total in-patient costs increased by $4.1 million dollars per year (95% CI = 2.7, 5.5) for HOD admissions and by $46.0 million dollars per year (95% CI = 43.1, 48.9) for POD admissions, with an associated increase in hospitalization costs to more than $700 million annually. The adjusted odds of death in the POD group declined modestly per year [odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97, 0.99], with no difference in HOD mortality or length-of-stay. Patients with POD were older, more likely to be female and more likely to be white compared with HOD patients.

Conclusions
Rates and costs of heroin and prescription opioid overdose related admissions in the United States increased substantially from 2001 to 2012. The rapid and ongoing rise in both numbers of hospitalizations and their costs suggests that the burden of POD may threaten the infrastructure and finances of US hospitals.

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Hospitalizations, costs and outcomes associated with heroin and prescription opioid overdoses in the United States 2001-12.

Background The current lack of pharmacological treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) warrants novel approaches and further investigation of promising pharmacotherapy. We previously showed that nabiximols (27 mg/ml Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/ 25 mg/ml cannabidiol (CBD), Sativex®) can decrease cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Here, we assessed in a pilot study the tolerability and safety of self-titrated nabiximols vs. placebo among 40 treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent participants. Methods Subjects participated in a double blind randomized clinical trial, with as-needed nabiximols up to 113.4 mg THC/105 mg CBD or placebo daily for 12 weeks, concurrently with Motivational Enhancement Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MET/CBT). Primary outcome measures were tolerability and abstinence, secondary outcome measures were days and amount of cannabis use, withdrawal, and craving scores. Participants received up to CDN$ 855 in compensation for their time. Results Medication was well tolerated and no serious adverse events (SAEs) were observed. Rates of adverse events did not differ between treatment arms (F1,39 = 0.205, NS). There was no significant change in abstinence rates at trial end. Participants were not able to differentiate between subjective effects associated with nabiximols or placebo treatments (F1,40 = 0.585, NS). Cannabis use was reduced in the nabiximols (70.5%) and placebo groups (42.6%). Nabiximols reduced cannabis craving but no significant differences between the nabiximols and placebo groups were observed on withdrawal scores. Conclusions Nabiximols in combination with MET/CBT was well tolerated and allowed for reduction of cannabis use. Future clinical trials should explore the potential of high doses of nabiximols for cannabis dependence.

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Nabiximols combined with motivational enhancement/cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of cannabis dependence: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Drug trafficking is an important issue as it can be the source of the emerging of the other crimes. For several years, Afghanistan has lead the the supply of illegal opiate to the other countries in the world. As a part of United Nations, UNODC has contribute a lot of significant outputs along with Afghan Government through The Country Programme for Afghanistan. However, by 2012-2013, drug trafficking in Afghanistan increased at the highest point compare to the years before. This research aims to analyse the constraints of UNODC on combating drug trafficking in Afghanistan, that caused a significant increase of drug rafficking in Afghanistan. Descriptive-Analysis type is used in this research to describe the efforts of UNODC, then analyse the constraints of UNODC through the implementation of Country Programme. The result shows there are some external factors such as economic, socio-economic, and political, from Afghanistan, that obstruct the works of UNODC.

Upaya united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc) dalam menangani drug trafficking di afghanistan periode 2012-2013

This article seeks to analyze the social situation in Indonesia, where the conflict that occurred overseas manifested into violent actions against person or group within the country, who is considered to have a similar identity with overseas perpetrators. This pattern of violence is perpetrated against minority groups in Indonesia who have no involvement in conflict abroad. Some impacts of the Rohingya crisis in Indonesia are ranging from forced closure threat to Vihara in Medan, a demonstration on Buddhist religious symbols, beating against a Buddhist monk, and even bomb terror in Vihara. In social psychology theory, this violence is part of Freud's Defense Mechanism theory called Displacement. Furthermore, to answer why this displaced aggression can occur in Indonesia, I use Social Identity theory that the reductionist view of singular affiliation creates a gap in understanding of 'Self' and 'Other.' It then creates an intergroup bias when individuals tend to prioritize their group (in-group) compared to other groups (out-group). At last, this situation also reaffirms the concept of imagined community by Benedict Anderson.

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The rohingya crisis and international displaced aggression in indonesia

Artikel ini merupakan hasil dari pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Hubungan Interansional FISIP Universitas Diponegoro kepada enam Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) di Kota Semarang. Tingginya akses informasi melalui sosial media di kalangan remaja SMA menyebabkan mereka rentan terdampak berbagai macam “penyimpangan informasi”. Oleh karena itu, penyuluhan untuk meningkatkan Literasi Media dan Informasi (LMI) dirasa sangat dibutuhkan. Mekanisme LMI yang dikeluarkan oleh  The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) digunakan dalam penyuluhan ini sebagai sarana untuk mewujudkan literasi informasi dalam sistem demokrasi. Materi penyuluhan inimenyangkut (1) Pemahaman Hoaks sebagai penyimpangan informasi  Mis-informasi; Dis-informs;i dan Mal-informasi, (2) Melawan Disinformasi dan Misinformasi melalui LMI, serta (3) Ex-Post Fact Checking / Memeriksa Fakta setelah Dipublikasikan.

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Pemberdayaan literasi media dan informasi (lmi) unesco sebagai sarana pencegahan penyebaran hoaks

The Purpose of this study is to determine Indonesia’s compliance with international agreements, namely the Kyoto Protocol on environmental issues in the Riau and Jambi regions. This environmental issue led Indonesia to ratify the Kyoto Protocol contained in Law Number 17 of 2004 to reduce carbon emissions which until now has not seen any results. Therefore this research aims to find out whether Indonesia complies with international treaties that have been ratified and endorsed. The concept that used in this study is the concept of compliance with 3 (three) main indicators, namely : Output, Outcome, and Impact. This research will use a qualitative method that analyze how obedient Indonesia against international agreement specifically Kyoto Protocol on environmental issues which is currently quite interesting to considered in Indonesia, especially in the Riau and Jambi regions. This research began in the year of 2004 to 2015. On the other hand, Indonesia is in the category of passive comply, which shows that Indonesia’s ability is in the comply position but not directly and focused. So, in the other words, Indonesia tends to be difficult to comply with this Kyoto Protocol.

Kepatuhan Indonesia Terhadap Perjanjian Internasional Mengenai Isu Lingkungan Hidup yang Berdampak Pada Perubahan Iklim, Studi Kasus: Deforestasi Jambi dan Riau

This research aims to determine the cause of increasing illegal timber trade from Indonesia to China within 2010-2015. During that time, both countries established bilateral cooperation through Memorandum of Understanding Between the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and the State Forestry Administration of the People’s of Republic of China Concerning the Cooperation in the Field of Forestry which was signed on September 15th, 2010. This is a qualitative research, using explanation. This research used neorealist theory. As the consequences this research showed that the cause of growing in illegal timber trade from Indonesia to China is weak supervision in border regions and law enforcement against criminal acts of forestry in Indonesia. Besides, China is not seriously implement the MoU. This situation occurs because China got relative gains less than Indonesia.

Reni Windiani

Papers

Upaya united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc) dalam menangani drug trafficking di afghanistan periode 2012-2013

The rohingya crisis and international displaced aggression in indonesia

Pemberdayaan literasi media dan informasi (lmi) unesco sebagai sarana pencegahan penyebaran hoaks

Kepatuhan Indonesia Terhadap Perjanjian Internasional Mengenai Isu Lingkungan Hidup yang Berdampak Pada Perubahan Iklim, Studi Kasus: Deforestasi Jambi dan Riau

6. kerja sama indonesia dan cina dalam menanggulangi perdagangan kayu ilegal