THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems : a publication of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society

Problem Given the number of times in which an unknown event has happened and failed: Required the chance that the probability of its happening in a single trial lies somewhere between any two degrees of probability that can be named. SECTION 1 Definition 1. Several events are inconsistent, when if one of them happens, none of the rest can. 2. Two events are contrary when one, or other of them must; and both together cannot happen. 3. An event is said to fail, when it cannot happen; or, which comes to the same thing, when its contrary has happened. 4. An event is said to be determined when it has either happened or failed. 5. The probability of any event is the ratio between the value at which an expectation depending on the happening of the event ought to be computed, and the value of the thing expected upon it’s 2 happening.

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. [Facsimil]

In this paper geometrical representations for multicriteria decision problems are proposed. This new approach provides assistance to understand the conflictual aspects of the criteria and to tackle the problem of the weights associated to them. A generalized criterion, including a preference function, is first generated for each criterion. This allows to define unicriterion preference flows for which a geometrical representation can be obtained by using the Principal Components Analysis. The actions are represented by points and criteria by axes in the PCA plane. A decision axis taking into account the weights associated to the criteria can be defined. This technique provides the decision-maker with a considerable enrichment for the understanding of his problem: clusters of actions can be considered, the importance of the criteria can be evaluated, conflictual criteria are immediately detected, incomparability between actions is emphasized and explained, best compromise actions are easily selected, new decision-axes representing possible clusters of criteria can be considered, undesirable actions can be eliminated, … The technique consists in a powerful new qualitative decision tool. It is illustrated in the paper on some examples treated by the Promethee I and II methods. A didactic and user-friendly microcomputer code is available.

Geometrical representations for MCDA

This paper describes an innovative design automation tool, LAYGEN II, for analog integrated circuit (IC) layout generation based on template descriptions and on evolutionary computation techniques. LAYGEN II was developed giving special emphasis to the reusability of expert knowledge and to the efficiency of retargeting operations. The designer specifies the sized circuit-level structure, the required technology and also, the layout template consisting of technology and specification independent high-level layout guidelines. For placement, the topological relations present in the template are extracted to a nonslicing B*-tree layout representation, and the tool automatically merges devices and improves the floorplan quality. For routing an optimization kernel consisting of a tailored version of the multiobjective multiconstraint evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II is used. The Router optimizes all nets simultaneously and uses a built-in engine to evaluate each of the layout solutions. The automatic layout generation is demonstrated here using the LAYGEN II tool for typical analog circuit structures, and the results in GDSII format were validated using the industrial grade verification tool Calibre®.

LAYGEN II—Automatic Layout Generation of Analog Integrated Circuits

AIDA: Layout-aware analog circuit-level sizing with in-loop layout generation

This paper presents AIDA, an analog integrated circuit design automation environment, which implements a design flow from a circuit-level specification to a physical layout description. AIDA results from the integration of two in-house tools, namely, GENOM-POF and LAYGEN II. GENOM-POF performs fully automated circuit-level synthesis implemented with a multi-objective multi-constraint optimization approach, which addresses robust design requirements by considering Corners analysis together with an electrical simulator as the evaluation engine. LAYGEN II implements a DRC proved fully automated layout generation based on a sized circuit-level description and high level layout guidelines, described in a technology independent abstract layout template. The expert knowledge is used by LAYGEN II to guide the evolutionary optimization kernels during the automatic layout generation. Moreover, evolutionary computation techniques are extensively used, at both circuit-level and physical-level, as tool to solve design optimization problems. Finally, AIDA environment is demonstrated for the IC design of a classical circuit-level topology and state-of-the-art technology, and validated by industrial simulators and analysis tools, such as, HSPICE® and CALIBRE®.

AIDA: Automated analog IC design flow from circuit level to layout

Review: Machine learning techniques in analog/RF integrated circuit design, synthesis, layout, and test

In this paper, an analysis of the methodologies proposed in the past years to automate the synthesis of radio-frequency (RF) integrated circuit blocks is presented. In the light of this analysis, and to avoid nonsystematic iterations between sizing and layout design steps, a multiobjective optimization-based layout-aware sizing approach with preoptimized integrated inductor(s) design space is proposed. An automatic layout generation from netlist to ready-to-fabricate prototype is carried in-the-loop for each tentative sizing solution using an RF-specific module generator, template-based placer and evolutionary multinet router with preoptimized interconnect widths. The proposed approach exploits the full capabilities of the most established computer-aided design tools for RF design available nowadays, i.e., RF circuit simulator as performance evaluator, electromagnetic simulator for inductor characterization, and layout extractor to determine the complete circuit layout parasitics. Experiments are conducted over a widely used circuit in the RF context, showing the advantages of performing complete layout-aware sizing optimization from the very initial stages of the design process.

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Ricardo Martins

Papers

LAYGEN II—Automatic Layout Generation of Analog Integrated Circuits

AIDA: Layout-aware analog circuit-level sizing with in-loop layout generation

AIDA: Automated analog IC design flow from circuit level to layout

Review: Machine learning techniques in analog/RF integrated circuit design, synthesis, layout, and test

Two-Step RF IC Block Synthesis With Preoptimized Inductors and Full Layout Generation In-the-Loop