Richard Birrittella

Bio: Richard Birrittella is an academic researcher from Air Force Research Laboratory. The author has contributed to research in topics: Photon & Coherent states. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 23 publications receiving 187 citations. Previous affiliations of Richard Birrittella include City University of New York.

Quantum optical interferometry via the mixing of coherent and photon-subtracted squeezed vacuum states of light

Abstract: Hofmann and Ono [Phys. Rev. A76, 031806, (2007)] showed that the mixing of coherent light and single-mode squeezed light at a beam splitter gives good approximation results in a superposition of path-entangled photon number states (so-called N00N states), which can be used for phase-shift measurements by coincident detections at the output of an interferometer. They showed that N00N states for arbitrary photon number N could be produced by this procedure. Afek et al. [Science328, 879 (2010)] have implemented the Hofmann–Ono proposal in the laboratory. In this paper, we show that, for a given coherent state amplitude and a given squeezing parameter, the mixing of coherent states and photon-subtracted squeezed vacuum states at the first beam splitter of an interferometer leads to improved phase-shift measurement sensitivity when using the photon-number detection technique on one of the output beams of the device. We also show that the phase-shift measurements will also be super-resolved to a greater degree than is possible by mixing coherent and squeezed vacuum light of the same field parameters.

Multiphoton quantum interference at a beam splitter and the approach to Heisenberg-limited interferometry

Abstract: We study multiphoton quantum-interference effects at a beam splitter and its connection to the prospect of attaining interferometric phase-shift measurements with noise levels below the standard quantum limit. Specifically, we consider the mixing of the most classical states of light coherent states with the most nonclassical states of light number states at a 50 : 50 beam splitter. Multiphoton quantum-interference effects from mixing photon-number states of small photon numbers with coherent states of arbitrary amplitudes are dramatic even at the level of a single photon. For input vacuum and coherent states, the joint photon-number distribution after the beam splitter is unimodal, a product of Poisson distributions for each of the output modes but with the input of a single photon, the original distribution is symmetrically bifurcated into a bimodal distribution. With a two-photon-number state mixed with a coherent state, a trimodal distribution is obtained, etc. The obtained distributions are shown to be structured so as to be conducive for approaching Heisenberg-limited sensitivities in photon-number parity-based interferometry. We show that mixing a coherent state with even a single photon results in a significant reduction in noise over that of the shot-noise limit. Finally, based on the results of mixing coherent light with single photons, we consider the mixing coherent light with the squeezed vacuum and the squeezed one-photon states and find the latter yields higher sensitivity in phase-shift measurements for the same squeeze parameter owing to the absence of the vacuum state.

Quantum-enhanced interferometry with weak thermal light

Abstract: We propose and implement a procedure for enhancing the sensitivity with which one can determine the phase shift experienced by a thermal light beam possessing on average fewer than four photons in passing through an interferometer. Our procedure entails subtracting exactly one (which can be generalized to m) photon from the light field exiting an interferometer containing a phase-shifting element in one of its arms. As a consequence of the process of photon subtraction, the mean photon number and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the resulting light field are increased, leading to an enhancement of the SNR of the interferometric signal for that fraction of the incoming data that leads to photon subtraction.

Interferometry with Photon-Subtracted Thermal Light

Abstract: We propose and implement a quantum procedure for enhancing the sensitivity with which one can determine the phase shift experienced by a weak light beam possessing thermal statistics in passing through an interferometer. Our procedure entails subtracting exactly one (which can be generalized to m) photons from the light field exiting an interferometer containing a phase-shifting element in one of its arms. As a consequence of the process of photon subtraction, and somewhat surprisingly, the mean photon number and signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting light field are thereby increased, leading to enhanced interferometry. This method can be used to increase measurement sensitivity in a variety of practical applications, including that of forming the image of an object illuminated only by weak thermal light.

The parity operator: Applications in quantum metrology

Abstract: In this paper, the authors review the use of parity as a detection observable in quantum metrology and introduce some original findings with regard to measurement resolution in Ramsey spectroscopy and quantum nondemolition measures of atomic parity. Parity was first introduced in the context of Ramsey spectroscopy as an alternative to atomic state detection. It was later adapted for use in quantum optical interferometry where it has been shown to be the optimal detection observable saturating the quantum Cramer–Rao bound for path symmetric states. The authors include a brief review on the basics of phase estimation and the connection between parity-based detection and the quantum Fisher information as it applies to quantum optical interferometry. The authors also discuss the efforts made in experimental methods of measuring photon-number parity and close the paper with a discussion on the use of parity, leading to enhanced measurement resolution in multi-atom spectroscopy. The authors show how this may be of use in the construction of high-precision multi-atom atomic clocks.

Mathematical Methods Of Statistics

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Recent advances in Wigner function approaches

Abstract: The Wigner function was formulated in 1932 by Eugene Paul Wigner, at a time when quantum mechanics was in its infancy. In doing so, he brought phase space representations into quantum mechanics. However, its unique nature also made it very interesting for classical approaches and for identifying the deviations from classical behavior and the entanglement that can occur in quantum systems. What stands out, though, is the feature to experimentally reconstruct the Wigner function, which provides far more information on the system than can be obtained by any other quantum approach. This feature is particularly important for the field of quantum information processing and quantum physics. However, the Wigner function finds wide-ranging use cases in other dominant and highly active fields as well, such as in quantum electronics—to model the electron transport, in quantum chemistry—to calculate the static and dynamical properties of many-body quantum systems, and in signal processing—to investigate waves passing through certain media. What is peculiar in recent years is a strong increase in applying it: Although originally formulated 86 years ago, only today the full potential of the Wigner function—both in ability and diversity—begins to surface. This review, as well as a growing, dedicated Wigner community, is a testament to this development and gives a broad and concise overview of recent advancements in different fields.

Distributed Quantum Metrology with Linear Networks and Separable Inputs.

Abstract: We derive a bound on the ability of a linear-optical network to estimate a linear combination of independent phase shifts by using an arbitrary nonclassical but unentangled input state, thereby elucidating the quantum resources required to obtain the Heisenberg limit with a multiport interferometer. Our bound reveals that while linear networks can generate highly entangled states, they cannot effectively combine quantum resources that are well distributed across multiple modes for the purposes of metrology: In this sense, linear networks endowed with well-distributed quantum resources behave classically. Conversely, our bound shows that linear networks can achieve the Heisenberg limit for distributed metrology when the input photons are concentrated in a small number of input modes, and we present an explicit scheme for doing so.