eMedicine创建于1996年，由近万名临床医师作为作者或编辑参与此临床医学知识库的建设，其中编辑均是来自美国哈佛、耶鲁、斯坦福、芝加哥、德克萨斯、加州大学等各分校医学院的教授或副教授。

eMedicine

In recent years, we have witnessed a rapid surge in assisted living technologies due to a rapidly aging society. The aging population, the increasing cost of formal health care, the caregiver burden, and the importance that the individuals place on living independently, all motivate development of innovative-assisted living technologies for safe and independent aging. In this survey, we will summarize the emergence of `ambient-assisted living” (AAL) tools for older adults based on ambient intelligence paradigm. We will summarize the state-of-the-art AAL technologies, tools, and techniques, and we will look at current and future challenges.

A Survey on Ambient-Assisted Living Tools for Older Adults

https://www.ee.columbia.edu/%7Eajaimes/Pubs/ajaimes_iccv05.pdf

Multimodal human-computer interaction: A survey

Research on sensor-based activity recognition has, recently, made significant progress and is attracting growing attention in a number of disciplines and application domains. However, there is a lack of high-level overview on this topic that can inform related communities of the research state of the art. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey to examine the development and current status of various aspects of sensor-based activity recognition. We first discuss the general rationale and distinctions of vision-based and sensor-based activity recognition. Then, we review the major approaches and methods associated with sensor-based activity monitoring, modeling, and recognition from which strengths and weaknesses of those approaches are highlighted. We make a primary distinction in this paper between data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches, and use this distinction to structure our survey. We also discuss some promising directions for future research.

Sensor-Based Activity Recognition

http://www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/staffpages/juanaugusto/CookAJ2009.pdf

Review: Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities

— Several studies have shown that both children andadults benefit substantially from access to a means of indepen-dent mobility. While the needs of many individuals with disabil-ities can be satisfied with traditional manual or poweredwheelchairs, a segment of the disabled community finds it diffi-cult or impossible to use wheelchairs independently. To accom-modate this population, researchers have used technologiesoriginally developed for mobile robots to create “smart wheel-chairs.” Smart wheelchairs have been the subject of researchsince the early 1980s and have been developed on four conti-nents. This article presents a summary of the current state of theart and directions for future research. Key words: artificial intelligence, independent mobility, infra-red range finder, laser range finder, machine vision, powerwheelchairs, robotics, sonar, subsumption, voice control. INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that both children andadults benefit substantially from access to a means ofindependent mobility, including power wheelchairs, man-ual wheelchairs, scooters, a nd walkers [1–2]. Independentmobility increases vocational and educational opportuni-ties, reduces dependence on caregivers and family mem-bers, and promotes feelings of self-reliance. For youngchildren, independent mobility serves as the foundationfor much early learning [1]. Nonambulatory children lackaccess to the wealth of stimuli afforded self-ambulatingchildren. This lack of exploration and control often pro-duces a cycle of deprivation and reduced motivation thatleads to learned helplessness [3].For adults, independent mobility is an importantaspect of self-esteem and plays a pivotal role in “aging inplace.” For example, if older people find it increasinglydifficult to walk or wheel themselves to the commode,they may do so less often or they may drink less fluid toreduce the frequency of urination. If they become unableto walk or wheel themselves to the commode and help isnot routinely available in the home when needed, a moveto a more enabling environment (e.g., assisted living) maybe necessary. Mobility limitati ons are the leading cause offunctional limitations among adults, with an estimatedprevalence of 40 per 1,000 persons age 18 to 44 and 188per 1,000 at age 85 and older [4]. Mobility difficulties arealso strong predictors of activities of daily living (ADL)and instrumental ADL disabi lities because of the need to

/pdf/smart-wheelchairs-a-literature-review-5gaynn11xg.pdf

Smart wheelchairs: A literature review.

The NavChair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation System is being developed to reduce the cognitive and physical requirements of operating a power wheelchair for people with wide ranging impairments that limit their access to powered mobility. The NavChair is based on a commercial wheelchair system with the addition of a DOS-based computer system, ultrasonic sensors, and an interface module interposed between the joystick and power module of the wheelchair. The obstacle avoidance routines used by the NavChair in conjunction with the ultrasonic sensors are modifications of methods originally used in mobile robotics research. The NavChair currently employs three operating modes: general obstacle avoidance, door passage, and automatic wall following. Results from performance testing of these three operating modes demonstrate their functionality. In additional to advancing the technology of smart wheelchairs, the NavChair has application to the development and testing of "shared control" systems where a human and machine share control of a system and the machine can automatically adapt to human behaviors.

/pdf/the-navchair-assistive-wheelchair-navigation-system-2djaeltqez.pdf

The NavChair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation System

Independent mobility is important, but some wheelchair users find operating existing manual or powered wheelchairs difficult or impossible. Challenges to safe, independent wheelchair use can result from various overlapping physical, perceptual, or cognitive symptoms of diagnoses such as spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Persons with different symptom combinations can benefit from different types of assistance from a smart wheelchair and different wheelchair form factors. The sizes of these user populations have been estimated based on published estimates of the number of individuals with each of several diseases who (1) also need a wheeled mobility device and (2) have specific symptoms that could interfere with mobility device use.

/pdf/how-many-people-would-benefit-from-a-smart-wheelchair-3d36sml1zw.pdf

How many people would benefit from a smart wheelchair

While the needs of many individuals with disabilities can be satisfied with power wheelchairs, some members of the disabled community find it difficult or impossible to operate a standard power wheelchair. To accommodate this population, several researchers have used technologies originally developed for mobile robots to create "smart wheelchairs" that reduce the physical, perceptual, and cognitive skills necessary to operate a power wheelchair. We are developing a Smart Wheelchair Component System (SWCS) that can be added to a variety of commercial power wheelchairs with minimal modification. This paper describes the design of a prototype of the SWCS, which has been evaluated on wheelchairs from four different manufacturers.

The smart wheelchair component system.

Several researchers have described voice control mechanisms for a power wheelchair, but voice control has yet to become a commercially viable control alternative. One problem with voice control is that the voice's limited bandwidth renders it impossible to make frequent small adjustments to the wheelchair's velocity. One possible solution is to utilize voice control in combination with the navigation assistance provided by "Smart wheelchairs," which use sensors to identify and avoid obstacles in the wheelchair's path. This paper describes an experiment that compares the performance of able-bodied subjects using voice control to operate a power wheelchair both with and without navigation assistance.

Richard C. Simpson

Papers

Smart wheelchairs: A literature review.

The NavChair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation System

How many people would benefit from a smart wheelchair

The smart wheelchair component system.

Voice control of a powered wheelchair