计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

This paper develops and applies a methodology to test for efficiency of interregional commodity arbitrage. Application of the methodology requires only time-series data on prices for alternative cities, regions, countries, or product forms. Yet, the approach is capable of generating evidence on a number of market parameters including market integration, arbitrage efficiency, the magnitude of marketing margins, product substitutability, and competitiveness of markets. Estimation is based on a switching regression model with three regimes: efficient arbitrage, relative shortage, and relative glut. Results from application of the model to U.S. celery marketing indicated significant departures from efficient arbitrage for both California and Florida celery.

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Market Integration, Efficiency of Arbitrage, and Imperfect Competition: Methodology and Application to U.S. Celery

Biological control is an underlying pillar of integrated pest management, yet little focus has been placed on assigning economic value to this key ecosystem service. Setting biological control on a firm economic foundation would help to broaden its utility and adoption for sustainable crop protection. Here we discuss approaches and methods available for valuation of biological control of arthropod pests by arthropod natural enemies and summarize economic evaluations in classical, augmentative, and conservation biological control. Emphasis is placed on valuation of conservation biological control, which has received little attention. We identify some of the challenges of and opportunities for applying economics to biological control to advance integrated pest management. Interaction among diverse scientists and stakeholders will be required to measure the direct and indirect costs and benefits of biological control that will allow farmers and others to internalize the benefits that incentivize and accelerate adoption for private and public good.

Economic Value of Biological Control in Integrated Pest Management of Managed Plant Systems

A critical evaluation of augmentative biological control

This chapter focuses upon competitive relationships in agricultural markets. These markets often exhibit high and increasing levels of buyer and/or seller concentration. Both food manufacturing and retailing are characterized by aggressive attempts by firms to achieve product differentiation. Vertical coordination within the sector through integration or various forms of vertical control is also increasingly important. In addition agriculture is relatively unique among industries in that governments often permit and encourage producers to form selling cartels. Exports and imports of agricultural commodities also often involve intervention by marketing boards and state trading agencies. We review and evaluate recent research on each of these topic areas.

Chapter 15 Food processing and distribution: An industrial organization approach

Dairy is a highly relevant segment of the Brazilian agribusiness economy However, this segment has changed significantly after deregulation Thus, it is worthwhile to know what the changes are in the spatial integration of the market and in milk price formation at the farm level after deregulation The methodology is a modification of Gonzalez-Rivera & Helfand (2001), which is compounded in extension of the market, pattern of integration, and degree of integration The extension of the market is determined through the measure of self-sufficiency index, unit root test, and Johansen test The last one is focused on the searching for a common trend between the time series The pattern of interdependence is studied using the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) Lastly, the degree of integration is measured by the impulse response functions derived from the Bernanke decomposition As a result, we found that the milk market in Brazil is composed by Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Sao Paulo We also discovered that these markets have small speed of adjustment to shocks and there is no leader in milk price formation

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The dynamics of farm milk price formation in Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the costs of biologically controlling infestations of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, in New England greenhouse operations on poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. ex Koltz, using the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa Gahan (Nile Delta strain). Partial budget analysis was used to compare costs for conventional verses biological control regimens. Four alternative whitefly control budgets are developed; two conventional chemical-based control budgets formulated with and without the use of imidacloprid, and two biological control budgets which demonstrate the impact of possibly greater pest monitoring efforts necessary to implement this type strategy successfully. The analysis shows that biological whitefly control costs were >300% greater than conventional chemical-based control strategy costs. Most of this increase is caused by the higher costs of Encarsia formosa as the material control input. If monitoring costs are held constant across different strategies, labor costs actually decline for biological control. This is because of a significant reduction in the number of control applications made and the relatively lower cost of applying E. formosa. If more extensive monitoring efforts are required to implement biological control successfully, labor costs increase by 56% over the conventional pre-imidacloprid regimen. Based on these results, the authors conclude that cheaper and more reliable means of producing E. formosa must be developed before this strategy will become economically viable for commercial poinsettia greenhouse production.

An economic comparison of biological and conventional control strategies for whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse poinsettias.

As a result of economies of size, food processors are generally large and few in number. These characteristics put processors at a bargaining advantage over independent farmers. Marketing cooperatives were established to counter the uneven bargaining position of individual farmers. This article investigates the relative bargaining strength of one milk marketing cooperative and several fluid milk processors. The Nash bargaining model can be used to analyze the negotiated price in the Florida fluid milk market which acts like a bilateral monopoly. The milk marketing cooperatives have bargained well with the milk marketing processors. The monthly bargaining strength of the Southeast Dairy Cooperative, Inc. (SDC), exceeds the monthly bargaining strength of the processors in all twelve months, ranging from a low of 0.6664 in January to a high of 0.7831 in September. The monthly average bargaining strength across all months for SDC is 0.7326.

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The Bargaining Strength of a Milk Marketing Cooperative

sions are "often felt to possess the greatest potential for price enhancement" (Jesse and Johnson, p. 4). The pricing behavior of the Florida celery Florida celery industry has operated industry under the current federal marketing under some type of market order since 1961 order was examined by analyzing the implied From 1961 to 1964, the Florida celery inmarket structure of the industry using a dustry operated under a state marketing model proposed by Appelbaum. Point order. Upon being declared unconstitutional, estimates of the oligopoly power index sug- this order was replaced by a federal gest that some degree of price enhancement marketing order # CFR 967 (Brooke, 1979). above that which would be characterized by a The current federal marketing order contains perfectly competitive market may have oc- provisions for producer allotments, shipping curred. However, the bulk of statistical holidays, and prorate periods. evidence suggests that the departure from Using a weekly simultaneous equations marginal cost pricing implied by the model, Shonkwiler and Pagoulatos analyzed industry's pricing behavior is not statistically pricing in the Florida celery industry. Based significant. on the similarity of the restricted and unrestricted reduced form equations and the

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An analysis of market structure and pricing in the florida celery industry

The objective of this analysis was to identify the production practices used by farmers to change seasonal production. Production 'practices included milk production per cow, proportion of cows milking, number of first lactation animals entering the herd, number of cows leaving the herd, number of days to first breeding, and calves born. Farms that participated in a seasonal pricing plan during 1993, 1994, and 1995 decreased production practice seasonality in response to price premiums, which caused a decrease in production seasonality compared to nonparticipating farms . Participating farms showed a preference for adjusting entering first lactation animals and number of calves born, but did make adjustments in other practices as well.

Richard L. Kilmer

Papers

The dynamics of farm milk price formation in Brazil

An economic comparison of biological and conventional control strategies for whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse poinsettias.

The Bargaining Strength of a Milk Marketing Cooperative

An analysis of market structure and pricing in the florida celery industry

Practices Used by Dairy Farmers to Reduce Seasonal Production Variability