Insight into the origin and early evolution of the animal phyla requires an understanding of how animal groups are related to one another. Thus, we set out to explore animal phylogeny by analyzing with maximum parsimony 138 morphological characters from 40 metazoan groups, and 304 18S rDNA sequences, both separately and together. Both types of data agree that arthropods are not closely related to annelids: the former group with nematodes and other molting animals (Ecdysozoa), and the latter group with molluscs and other taxa with spiral cleavage. Furthermore, neither brachiopods nor chaetognaths group with deuterostomes; brachiopods are allied with the molluscs and annelids (Lophotrochozoa), whereas chaetognaths are allied with the ecdysozoans. The major discordance between the two types of data concerns the rooting of the bilaterians, and the bilaterian sister-taxon. Morphology suggests that the root is between deuterostomes and protostomes, with ctenophores the bilaterian sister-group, whereas 18S rDNA suggests that the root is within the Lophotrochozoa with acoel flatworms and gnathostomulids as basal bilaterians, and with cnidarians the bilaterian sister-group. We suggest that this basal position of acoels and gnathostomulids is artifactal because for 1,000 replicate phylogenetic analyses with one random sequence as outgroup, the majority root with an acoel flatworm or gnathostomulid as the basal ingroup lineage. When these problematic taxa are eliminated from the matrix, the combined analysis suggests that the root lies between the deuterostomes and protostomes, and Ctenophora is the bilaterian sister-group. We suggest that because chaetognaths and lophophorates, taxa traditionally allied with deuterostomes, occupy basal positions within their respective protostomian clades, deuterostomy most likely represents a suite of characters plesiomorphic for bilaterians.

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Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences.

Molecular characteristics of insect vitellogenins

Juvenile hormone (JH) has central roles in the regulation of insect development and reproduction but has not previously been identified in other arthropod classes. The hemolymph of a crustacean, Libinia emarginata (Leach), has now been analyzed for JH-like compounds. Samples contained 0.003 to 0.030 nanogram of JH III per milliliter and 10 to 50 nanograms of methyl farnesoate per milliliter; methyl farnesoate is a compound structurally related to JH III that has JH bioactivity. Several tissues were examined for synthesis and secretion of JH-like compounds. Of these tissues, only the mandibular organs produced and secreted JH III and methyl farnesoate. However, microchemical analysis revealed that this JH III was racemic, and thus likely an artifactual oxidation product of methyl farnesoate. Secretion of methyl farnesoate was related to reproduction in females, with the highest rates observed in Libinia near the end of the ovarian cycle when oocyte growth and vitellogenesis are greatest. These results indicate that JH-like compounds such as methyl farnesoate have regulatory roles in crustaceans.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/235/4785/202.full.pdf

Identification of a juvenile hormone-like compound in a crustacean.

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Endocrine control of reproduction in decapod Crustacea.

Platyhelminthesa (S. Guraya & V. Parshad). Nemertina (M. Gontcharoff). Gnathostomulida (M. Mainitz). Rotifera (J. Gilbert). Gastrotricha (W. Hummon & M. Hummon). Nematoda (L. Fitzgerald & W. Foor). Acanthocephala (D. Crompton). Mollusca (N. Runham). Annelida (K. Adiyodi). Onychophora (H. Ruhberg & V. Storch). Arthropoda-Crustacea (K. Adiyodi & G. Anilkumar). Arthropoda-Insecta (C. Gillott). Arthropoda-Myriapoda (J. Demange). Pentastomida (J. Riley). Indexes.

Accessory sex glands

Biosynthesis of Insect Yolk Protein Precursors: M. Takeda and A.S. Raikhel The Cell Biology of Insect Yolk Protein Precursors Yolk and the Secretory Pathway: A.S. Raikhel et al. Regulation of Yolk Protein Genes by Ecdysone: A.S. Raikhel et al. Regulation of Yolk Protein Genes in Higher Diptera: Mary Bownes Juvenile Hormone and Vitellogenin Gene Expression: Xavier Belles Regulation of Tissue-specificity of Yolk Protein Gene Expression: David Martin and A.S. Raikhel Receptor-mediated Endocytosis and Internalization Pathways of Yolk Proteins in Insects Oocytes: E. Snigievskaya and A.S. Raikhel Yolk Protein Receptors in Invertebrate Oocytes: A.S. Raikhel et al. Lipid Accumulation in Oocytes: Rick van Antwerpen et al. Non-Vitellin Yolk Proteins: H. Masuda and Pedro Oliviera Yolk Degrading Proteases: S. Takhashi and Y. Yamamoto Biochemical and Ultrastructural Aspects of Vitellin Utilization during Embryogenesis: Franco Giorgi and Jack Nordin

Progress in vitellogenesis

Partial table of contents: Annelida-Clitellata (B Christensen) Tardigrada (R Bertolani) Arthropoda-Insecta (J Muthukrishnan) Pentastomida (J Riley) Bryozoa Entoprocta (C Nielsen) Brachiopoda (S Chuang) Chaetognatha (A Alvari?o) Echinodermata: Asexual Propagation (P Mladenov & R Burke) Cephalochordata (J Azariah) Indexes

Asexual propagation and reproductive strategies

Part A : Porifera through Annelida-Polychaeta Contents Series Preface Preface to Volume IV Systematic Resume of the Invertebrates Porifera, P.E. Fell Cnidaria, D.G. Fautin, F.-S. Chia, and J.G. Spaulding Platyhelminthes-Turbellaria, L. Galleni and V. Gremigni Platyhelminthes - Eucestoda, R.E. Davis and L.S. Roberts Mesozoa, B.H. McConnaughey Nemertina, C.-E. Cantell Gnathostomulida, M. Mainitz Rotifera, J.J. Gilbert Gastrotricha, W.D. Hummon and M.R. Hummon Kinorhyncha, A.E. Needham Nematoda and Nematomorpha, A.F. Bird and R.I. Sommerville Acanthocephala, D.W.T. Crompton Priapulida, A. Norrevang and Jacob van der Land Sipuncula, M.E. Rice Mollusca, R.L Brahmachary Echiura, F.C. Davis Annelida-Polychaeta, P.C. Schroeder Species Index Subject Index. Part B: Annelida - Clitellata through Urochordata - Larvacea Contents Series Preface Preface to Volume IV Systematic Resume of the Invertebrates Annelida - Clitellata, A.E. Needham Pogonophora, T. Bakke Tardigrada, R. Bertolani Onychophora, H. Ruhberg Arthropoda - Chelicerata, Sperm Transfer, P. Weygoldt Arthropoda - Crustacea, G.W. Hinsch Pentastomida, J.T. Self Phoronida, C.C. Emig Bryozoa Ectoprocta, C. Nielsen Bryozoa Entoprocta, C. Nielsen Brachiopoda, S.H. Chuang Chaetognatha, A. Alvarino Echinodermata: Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Sea Urchin Embryo, G. Spinelli and I. Albanese Urochordata - Ascidiacea, R.A. Cloney Urochordata - Thaliacea, J.E.A. Godeaux Urochordala - Larvacea, C. P. Galt and R. Fenaux Species Index Subject Index.

Rita G. Adiyodi

Papers

Endocrine control of reproduction in decapod Crustacea.

Accessory sex glands

Progress in vitellogenesis

Asexual propagation and reproductive strategies

Fertilization, development, and parental care