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Robert A. Woodruff

Bio: Robert A. Woodruff is an academic researcher from Washington University in St. Louis. The author has contributed to research in topics: Hysteria & Depression (differential diagnoses). The author has an hindex of 27, co-authored 45 publications receiving 7474 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Diagnostic criteria for 14 psychiatric illnesses along with the validating evidence for these diagnostic categories comes from workers outside the authors' group as well as from those within; it consists of studies of both outpatients and inpatients, of family studies, and of follow-up studies.
Abstract: Diagnostic criteria for 14 psychiatric illnesses (and for secondary depression) along with the validating evidence for these diagnostic categories comes from workers outside our group as well as from those within; it consists of studies of both outpatients and inpatients, of family studies, and of follow-up studies. These criteria are the most efficient currently available; however, it is expected that the criteria be tested and not be considered a final, closed system. It is expected that the criteria will change as various illnesses are studied by different groups. Such criteria provide a framework for comparison of data gathered in different centers, and serve to promote communication between investigators.

5,308 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An awareness of his patient's psychiatric illness is necessary for the physician to provide effective treatment, as for depression, and to spare the patient needless medications, hospitalizations, and surgery, as with hysteria.

245 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with alcoholism plus depression more closely resembled those with alcoholism than those with depression, evidence that it is useful to separate affectively disordered patients into the groups with and without preexisting nonaffective psychiatric illness.
Abstract: In a study of relationships between alcoholism and unipolar affective disorder, three groups of patients collected in a research clinic were compared: a group with alcoholism without depression, a group with alcoholism plus affective disorder, and a group with unipolar affective disorder alone. The majority of patients with alcoholism and depression had a history of onset of alcoholism prior to that of depression. Patients with alcoholism plus depression more closely resembled those with alcoholism than those with depression. This finding is evidence that it is useful to separate affectively disordered patients into the groups with and without preexisting nonaffective psychiatric illness. The variables that separated alcoholic patients from patients with depression principally involved sociopathic symptoms that began prior to the onset of clinical alcoholism.

197 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three basic methodological issues are raised, including: importance of structured interviews and objective diagnostic criteria, the importance of a test/retest vs an interviewer/observer design, and the calculation of reliability in a way that takes chance agreement into account.
Abstract: • This article reviews some methodological aspects of studies of diagnostic reliability in psychiatry. We define and discuss the concept of interrater reliability and review some of the ways in which the design of the reliability study can influence the results. Three basic methodological issues are raised, including: the importance of structured interviews and objective diagnostic criteria, the importance of a test/retest vs an interviewer/ observer design, and the calculation of reliability in a way that takes chance agreement into account.

150 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a study of interrater diagnostic reliability, 101 psychiatric inpatients were independently interviewed by physicians using a structured interview and diagnostic agreement was found to be high, despite the fact that in most previous investigations diagnoses were not made independently.
Abstract: • In a study of interrater diagnostic reliability, 101 psychiatric inpatients were independently interviewed by physicians using a structured interview. Newly admitted patients were randomly selected and examined by one of three psychiatrists. A second psychiatrist reexamined the same patient about 24 hours later. Interviews from the two examinations were evaluated independently, and diagnoses were made on the basis of objective criteria. The degree of diagnostic agreement for the two examinations was calculated using the kappa statistic. Agreement was found to be high as compared to other studies in the psychiatric literature, despite the fact that in most previous investigations diagnoses were not made independently. The results were also compared to studies of reliability of medical judgments. Possible reasons for the high interrater reliability are discussed and include the use of a structured interview and objective diagnostic criteria.

146 citations


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Journal Article
TL;DR: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview is designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings.
Abstract: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) is a short structured diagnostic interview, developed jointly by psychiatrists and clinicians in the United States and Europe, for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. With an administration time of approximately 15 minutes, it was designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings. The authors describe the development of the M.I.N.I. and its family of interviews: the M.I.N.I.-Screen, the M.I.N.I.-Plus, and the M.I.N.I.-Kid. They report on validation of the M.I.N.I. in relation to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Version, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and expert professional opinion, and they comment on potential applications for this interview.

19,347 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described, and its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change.
Abstract: The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Swedish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in the combined sample. Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with treatment and the highest correlation to overall change. The inner-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are discussed.

11,923 citations

Book
04 Dec 1979
TL;DR: Hollon and Shaw as discussed by the authors discuss the role of emotions in Cognitive Therapy and discuss the integration of homework into Cognitive Therapy, and discuss problems related to Termination and Relapse.
Abstract: 1. An Overview 2. The Role of Emotions in Cognitive Therapy 3. The Therapeutic Relationship: Application to Cognitive Therapy 4. Structure of the Therapeutic Interview 5. The Initial Interview 6. Session by Session Treatment: A Typical Course of Therapy 7. Application of Behavioral Techniques 8. Cognitive Techniques 9. Focus on Target Symptoms 10. Specific Techniques for the Suicidal Patient 11. Interview with a Depressed Suicidal Patient 12. Depressogenic Assumptions 13. Integration of Homework into Therapy 14. Technical Problems 15. Problems Related to Termination and Relapse 16. Group Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Patients Steven D. Hollon and Brian F. Shaw 17. Cognitive Therapy and Antidepressant Medications 18. Outcome Studies of Cognitive Therapy Appendix: Materials *The Beck Inventory *Scale for Suicide Ideation *Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts *Competency Checklist for Cognitive Therapists *Possible Reasons for Not Doing Self-Help Assignments *Research Protocol for Outcome Study at Center for Cognitive Therapy *Further Materials and Technical Aids

9,970 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest the K-SADS-PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses.
Abstract: Objective To describe the psychometric properties of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview, which surveys additional disorders not assessed in prior K-SADS, contains improved probes and anchor points, includes diagnosis-specific impairment ratings, generates DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses, and divides symptoms surveyed into a screening interview and five diagnostic supplements. Method Subjects were 55 psychiatric outpatients and 11 normal controls (aged 7 through 17 years). Both parents and children were used as informants. Concurrent validity of the screen criteria and the K-SADS-PL diagnoses was assessed against standard self-report scales. Interrater ( n = 15) and test-retest ( n = 20) reliability data were also collected (mean retest interval: 18 days; range: 2 to 38 days). Results Rating scale data support the concurrent validity of screens and K-SADS-PL diagnoses. Interrater agreement in scoring screens and diagnoses was high (range: 93% to 100%). Test-retest reliability κ coefficients were in the excellent range for present and/or lifetime diagnoses of major depression, any bipolar, generalized anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder (.77 to 1.00) and in the good range for present diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (.63 to .67). Conclusion Results suggest the K-SADS-PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1997, 36(7): 980–988.

8,742 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently, and also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital.
Abstract: An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.

7,398 citations