An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (1) Theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (2) One cannot generalize from a single case, therefore the single case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (3) The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, while other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (4) The case study contains a bias toward verification; and (5) It is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. The article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and that a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of more good case studies.

Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

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Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. The purpose of this paper is to guide the novice researcher in identifying the key elements for designing and implementing qualitative case study research projects. An overview of the types of case study designs is provided along with general recommendations for writing the research questions, developing propositions, determining the “case” under study, binding the case and a discussion of data sources and triangulation. To facilitate application of these principles, clear examples of research questions, study propositions and the different types of case study designs

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Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers

This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.

Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method

Introduction An Intensive Study of Case Study Research Methods The Unique Case Research Questions The Nature of Qualitative Research Data Gathering Analysis and Interpretation Case Researcher Roles Triangulation Writing the Report Reflections Harper School

The art of case study research

Part I: Single Cases. Situation and Experience. A Technical View of a Case. The Quintain. The Case-Quintain Dilemma. The Research Questions. The Particular and the General. The Contexts. Making the Individual Case Report. Part II: The Multicase Study. Staffing. Selecting Cases. Activity in Its Situation. Data Gathering across Cases . Triangulation within Cases. Part III: Cross-Case Analysis. Rationale. Reading the Collection. Cross-Case Procedure. Expected Utility of Cases and Ordinariness of Situations. The Grounds for Assertions. Cross-Case Assertions. Triangulation across Cases. Part IV: The Report. Planning the Multicase Report. Comparing Cases. Advocacy. Generalization. Part V: The Step by Step Case Study Project. The Open Society Institute and the International Step by Step Association. The Step by Step Approach. Previous Step by Step evaluations. Aims of the Step by Step Multicase Project. Developing Case Topics. Action Research. Themes for Cross-Case Analysis. The Teams and the Steering Group. Training the Case Researchers. Three Step by Step Case Studies. Part VI: The Ukraine Case Study. Part VII: The Slovakia Case Study. Part VIII: The Romania Case Study. Part IX: Step by Step Cross-Case Analysis: First Steps.

Multiple Case Study Analysis

Introduction: Make Yourself Comfortable. 1. Qualitative Research: How Things Work. 2. Interpretation: The Person as Instrument. 3. Experiential Understanding: Most Qualitative Study Is Experiential. 4. Stating the Problem: Questioning How This Thing Works. 5. Methods: Gathering Data. 6. Review of Literature: Zooming to See the Problem. 7. Evidence: Bolstering Judgment and Reconnoitering. 8. Analysis and Synthesis: How Things Work. 9. Action Research and Self-Evaluation: Finding on Your Own How Your Place Works. 10. Storytelling: Illustrating How Things Work. 11. Writing the Final Report: An Iterative Convergence. 12. Advocacy and Ethics: Making Things Work Better.

Robert E. Stake

Papers

The art of case study research

Multiple Case Study Analysis

Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work

Investigación con estudio de casos

Rene magritte, constructivism, and the researcher as interpreter