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Robert F. Breiman

Bio: Robert F. Breiman is an academic researcher from Emory University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Vaccination. The author has an hindex of 105, co-authored 473 publications receiving 43927 citations. Previous affiliations of Robert F. Breiman include University of Edinburgh & University of Cambridge.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interventions targeting five pathogens can substantially reduce the burden of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and suggest new methods and accelerated implementation of existing interventions (rotavirus vaccine and zinc) are needed to prevent disease and improve outcomes.

2,766 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Ting Shi1, David A. McAllister2, Katherine L. O'Brien3, Eric A. F. Simões4, Shabir A. Madhi5, Bradford D. Gessner, Fernando P. Polack, Evelyn Balsells1, Sozinho Acácio6, Claudia Aguayo, Issifou Alassani, Asad Ali7, Martin Antonio8, Shally Awasthi9, Juliet O. Awori10, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner11, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner12, Henry C. Baggett11, Vicky L. Baillie5, Angel Balmaseda, Alfredo Barahona, Sudha Basnet13, Sudha Basnet14, Quique Bassat6, Quique Bassat15, Wilma Basualdo, Godfrey Bigogo10, Louis Bont16, Robert F. Breiman17, W. Abdullah Brooks12, W. Abdullah Brooks3, Shobha Broor18, Nigel Bruce19, Dana Bruden11, Philippe Buchy20, Stuart Campbell1, Phyllis Carosone-Link20, Mandeep S. Chadha21, James Chipeta22, Monidarin Chou23, Wilfrido Clara11, Cheryl Cohen24, Cheryl Cohen5, Elizabeth de Cuellar, Duc Anh Dang, Budragchaagiin Dash-Yandag, Maria Deloria-Knoll3, Mukesh Dherani19, Tekchheng Eap, Bernard E. Ebruke8, Marcela Echavarria, Carla Cecília de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Rodrigo Fasce, Daniel R. Feikin11, Luzhao Feng25, Angela Gentile26, Aubree Gordon27, Doli Goswami3, Doli Goswami12, Sophie Goyet20, Michelle J. Groome5, Natasha B. Halasa28, Siddhivinayak Hirve, Nusrat Homaira29, Nusrat Homaira12, Stephen R. C. Howie30, Stephen R. C. Howie8, Stephen R. C. Howie31, Jorge Jara32, Imane Jroundi15, Cissy B. Kartasasmita, Najwa Khuri-Bulos33, Karen L. Kotloff34, Anand Krishnan18, Romina Libster28, Romina Libster35, Olga Lopez, Marilla G. Lucero36, Florencia Lución26, Socorro Lupisan36, Debora N. Marcone, John P. McCracken32, Mario Mejia, Jennifer C. Moïsi, Joel M. Montgomery11, David P. Moore5, Cinta Moraleda15, Jocelyn Moyes24, Jocelyn Moyes5, Patrick K. Munywoki10, Patrick K. Munywoki37, Kuswandewi Mutyara, Mark P. Nicol38, D. James Nokes10, D. James Nokes39, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa40, Maria Tereza da Costa Oliveira, Histoshi Oshitani41, Nitin Pandey9, Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà42, Lia Neu Phillips17, Valentina Picot42, Mustafizur Rahman12, Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Zeba A Rasmussen43, Barbara Rath44, Annick Robinson, Candice Romero, Graciela Russomando45, Vahid Salimi46, Pongpun Sawatwong11, Nienke M Scheltema16, Brunhilde Schweiger47, J. Anthony G. Scott48, J. Anthony G. Scott10, Phil Seidenberg49, Kunling Shen50, Rosalyn J. Singleton51, Rosalyn J. Singleton11, Viviana Sotomayor, Tor A. Strand13, Tor A. Strand52, Agustinus Sutanto, Mariam Sylla, Milagritos D. Tapia34, Somsak Thamthitiwat11, Elizabeth Thomas43, Rafal Tokarz53, Claudia Turner54, Marietjie Venter55, Sunthareeya Waicharoen56, Jianwei Wang57, Wanitda Watthanaworawit54, Lay-Myint Yoshida58, Hongjie Yu25, Heather J. Zar38, Harry Campbell1, Harish Nair1, Harish Nair59 
University of Edinburgh1, University of Glasgow2, Johns Hopkins University3, University of Colorado Boulder4, University of the Witwatersrand5, International Military Sports Council6, Aga Khan University7, Medical Research Council8, King George's Medical University9, Kenya Medical Research Institute10, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention11, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh12, University of Bergen13, Tribhuvan University14, University of Barcelona15, Utrecht University16, Emory University17, All India Institute of Medical Sciences18, University of Liverpool19, Boston Children's Hospital20, National Institute of Virology21, University of Zambia22, University of Health Sciences Antigua23, National Health Laboratory Service24, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention25, Austral University26, University of Michigan27, Vanderbilt University28, University of New South Wales29, University of Otago30, University of Auckland31, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala32, University of Jordan33, University of Maryland, Baltimore34, National Scientific and Technical Research Council35, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine36, Pwani University College37, University of Cape Town38, University of Warwick39, Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom40, Tohoku University41, École normale supérieure de Lyon42, John E. Fogarty International Center43, Charité44, Universidad Nacional de Asunción45, Tehran University of Medical Sciences46, Robert Koch Institute47, University of London48, University of New Mexico49, Capital Medical University50, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium51, Innlandet Hospital Trust52, Columbia University53, Mahidol University54, University of Pretoria55, Thailand Ministry of Public Health56, Peking Union Medical College57, Nagasaki University58, Public Health Foundation of India59
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated the incidence and hospital admission rate of RSV-associated acute lower respiratory infection (RSV-ALRI) in children younger than 5 years stratified by age and World Bank income regions.

1,470 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country and the estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths.
Abstract: Summary Background 18 500 laboratory-confirmed deaths caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were reported worldwide for the period April, 2009, to August, 2010. This number is likely to be only a fraction of the true number of the deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We aimed to estimate the global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country. Methods We calculated crude respiratory mortality rates associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 strain by age (0–17 years, 18–64 years, and >64 years) using the cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates from 12 countries and symptomatic case fatality ratios (sCFR) from five high-income countries. To adjust crude mortality rates for differences between countries in risk of death from influenza, we developed a respiratory mortality multiplier equal to the ratio of the median lower respiratory tract infection mortality rate in each WHO region mortality stratum to the median in countries with very low mortality. We calculated cardiovascular disease mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection with the ratio of excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases during the pandemic in five countries and multiplied these values by the crude respiratory disease mortality rate associated with the virus. Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were multiplied by age to calculate the number of associated deaths. Findings We estimate that globally there were 201 200 respiratory deaths (range 105 700–395 600) with an additional 83 300 cardiovascular deaths (46 000–179 900) associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurred in southeast Asia and Africa. Interpretation Our estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths. Although no estimates of sCFRs were available from Africa and southeast Asia, a disproportionate number of estimated pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions. Therefore, efforts to prevent influenza need to effectively target these regions in future pandemics. Funding None.

1,170 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Inactivated influenza vaccine reduced proven influenza illness by 63% in infants up to 6 months of age and averted approximately a third of all febrile respiratory illnesses in mothers and young infants in Bangladesh.
Abstract: Background Young infants and pregnant women are at increased risk for serious consequences of influenza infection. Inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for pregnant women but is not licensed for infants younger than 6 months of age. We assessed the clinical effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine administered during pregnancy in Bangladesh. Methods In this randomized study, we assigned 340 mothers to receive either inactivated influenza vaccine (influenza-vaccine group) or the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (control group). Mothers were interviewed weekly to assess illnesses until 24 weeks after birth. Subjects with febrile respiratory illness were assessed clinically, and ill infants were tested for influenza antigens. We estimated the incidence of illness, incidence rate ratios, and vaccine effectiveness. Results Mothers and infants were observed from August 2004 through December 2005. Among infants of mothers who received influenza vaccine, there were fewer cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza than among infants in the control group (6 cases and 16 cases, respectively), with a vaccine effectiveness of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 85). Respiratory illness with fever occurred in 110 infants in the influenza-vaccine group and 153 infants in the control group, with a vaccine effectiveness of 29% (95% CI, 7 to 46). Among the mothers, there was a reduction in the rate of respiratory illness with fever of 36% (95% CI, 4 to 57). Conclusions Inactivated influenza vaccine reduced proven influenza illness by 63% in infants up to 6 months of age and averted approximately a third of all febrile respiratory illnesses in mothers and young infants. Maternal influenza immunization is a strategy with substantial benefits for both mothers and infants. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00142389.)

1,044 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These data provide information about the importance of community-acquired pneumonia and the relative and overall impact of specific causes of pneumonia, and allow interventions for prevention of pneumonia to be targeted at groups at greatest risk for serious illness and death.
Abstract: Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in the United States; however, the incidence of most infections causing community-acquired pneumonia in adults is not well defined. Methods: We evaluated all adults, residing in 2 counties in Ohio, who were hospitalized in 1991 because of community-acquired pneumonia. Information about risk factors, symptoms, and outcome was collected through interview and medical chart review. Serum samples were collected from consenting individuals during the acute and convalescent phases, and specific etiologic diagnoses were assigned based on results of bacteriologic and immunologic tests. Results: The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in the study counties in 1991 was 266.8 per 100 000 population; the overall case-fatality rate was 8.8%. Pneumonia incidence was higher among blacks than whites (337.7/100 000 vs 253.9/ 100 000;P Conclusions: These data provide information about the importance of community-acquired pneumonia and the relative and overall impact of specific causes of pneumonia. The study provides a basis for choosing optimal empiric pneumonia therapy, and allows interventions for prevention of pneumonia to be targeted at groups at greatest risk for serious illness and death. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1709-1718

863 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.

10,401 citations

01 Jun 2012
TL;DR: SPAdes as mentioned in this paper is a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data).
Abstract: The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

10,124 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is important that the medical profession play a significant role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures and therapies as they are introduced in the detection, management, and management of diseases.
Abstract: PREAMBLE......e4 APPENDIX 1......e121 APPENDIX 2......e122 APPENDIX 3......e124 REFERENCES......e124 It is important that the medical profession play a significant role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures and therapies as they are introduced in the detection, management,

8,362 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421–723) to 853 million (642–1100).

7,419 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors.
Abstract: The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

6,968 citations