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Robert H. Williams

Bio: Robert H. Williams is an academic researcher from Princeton University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Insulin & Coal. The author has an hindex of 49, co-authored 173 publications receiving 12862 citations. Previous affiliations of Robert H. Williams include North China Electric Power University & American Physical Society.
Topics: Insulin, Coal, Biomass, Combined cycle, Glucagon


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
17 Jul 2009-Science
TL;DR: Exploiting multiple feedstocks, under new policies and accounting rules, to balance biofuel production, food security, and greenhouse-gas reduction and to accept the undesirable impacts of biofuels done wrong.
Abstract: Recent analyses of the energy and greenhouse-gas performance of alternative biofuels have ignited a controversy that may be best resolved by applying two simple principles. In a world seeking solutions to its energy, environmental, and food challenges, society cannot afford to miss out on the global greenhouse-gas emission reductions and the local environmental and societal benefits when biofuels are done right. However, society also cannot accept the undesirable impacts of biofuels done wrong.

1,551 citations

Book
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: To squeeze all of this into a man¬ ageable volume, the publisher has gone to a smaller type size than before, smaller than usual in medical texts, but the end result is a uniform, informative style.
Abstract: what, but the end result is a uniform, informative style. I will not cite figures on how much it has grown since my second edition, other than to say that it weighs more than twice as much, and the increase in content is impressive. The entire field grows ever more complex. As one old-timer remarked a number of years ago, "Blood clotted a lot easier in the old days." To that I would add that blood did everything a lot easier in the old days. To squeeze all of this into a man¬ ageable volume, the publisher has gone to a smaller type size than before, smaller than usual in medical texts. This is not really objection¬ able—I found it easy to read. This type size does allow an increase in content of about 40% per page. When compared with the immedi¬ ately preceding edition, this volume includes some newly described condi¬ tions (hereditary pyropoikilocytosis; McLeod phenotype), new ways of looking at old problems (FrenchAmerican-British group classification of acute leukemias), and the latest thoughts of chemotherapeutic combi¬ nations in leukemia (TAD, TRAP, OAP, and POMP). I recommend Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology without reservation to all with an interest in clinical or experi¬ mental hematology.

1,463 citations

Book
31 Dec 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the technical and economic prospects for making fuels and electricity from renewable energy sources are assessed, including hydropower, wind energy, solar thermal electric technology, photovoltaic technology, ocean energy systems, geothermal energy, biomass conversion technology, and solar hydrogen.
Abstract: This book assesses the technical and economic prospects for making fuels and electricity from renewable energy sources. Twenty-three chapters discuss the following renewable technologies: hydropower; wind energy; solar thermal electric technology; photovoltaic technology (6 chapters); ocean energy systems; geothermal energy; biomass conversion technology (8 chapters); solar hydrogen; and utility strategies for using renewables. All chapters have been processed for inclusion on the data base.

841 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology as discussed by the authors was the first publication of a large-scale medical journal with more than twice the number of pages and more than 40% increase in content per page.

627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization from adipose tissue was investigated in this article, and it was shown that insulin levels did not change during the epinephrine infusions but rose dramatically upon their termination.
Abstract: While training in 1989 with Richard Have1 in San Francisco, I became interested in his studies of the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization from adipose tissue.’ Therefore, when I arrived at the laboratory of Robert H. Williams as a postdoctoral endocrine fellow in 1963, I chose to study the effects of catecholamines on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. To evaluate these effects, Alan Graber and I gave prolonged infusion of epinephrine to a male subject. We found that FAA levels rose and then returned to basal values despite continued administration of the amine. Since hyperglycemia and tachycardia persisted, we concluded that reesterification of FFA in adipose tissue or inhibition of lipolysis by insulin might be involved. To determine which mechanism was most likely, we asked Takashi Kuzuya (now at Jichi Medical School, Japan), another postdoctoral fellow, to assay the plasma samples from our catecholamine infusions for insulin using the newly developed radioimmunoassay. To our surprise, insulin levels did not change during the epinephrine infusions but rose dramatically upon their termination. Since the concept of the autonomic nervous system regulating the peripheral endocrine system was not considered likely at that time, we performed a number of control studies to stimulate the p-cell with glucose and other insulin secretagogues; all were inhibited by epinephrine. This finding had important implications for metabolic regulation and suggested that many older studies in which insulin secretion had been assumed to parallel glucose levels would need to be reexamined. Before submission of the work, I had the opportunity to present it at the meeting of the American Society of Clinical Investigation. Afterward, I received a letter and reprint’ from Arthur Colwell pointing out that he had suggested such a possibility 30 years earlier when he observed inhibition of glucose oxidation during an epinephrine infusion. So much for the originality of my scientific finding! Nevertheless, the concept was new to most scientists and opened up enough new questions that I spent the next 20 years studying its implications. What developed is the idea that the peripheral nervous system regulates many hormones, not just those of the endocrine pancreas. Eventually, a critical role for the neural control of islet function in the development of stress hyperglycemia was delineated.3 Later, I began studies of the possibility that the central nervous system, in turn, is regulated by peptide hormones secreted by peripheral endocrine cells. The central neural connections to the pancreas were eventually shown to originate in the ventral hypothalamus, an area of the brain important to glucose regulation and body energy balance. Because of this finding, Steve Woods and I developed the concept of feedback from the /?-cell to the hypothalamus via insulin for the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.4*5 This idea of a peripheral metabolic signal for the brain has been given a big boost recently with the discovery of the ob gene and its circulating adipose tissue hormonal gene product, leptin.6 Interestingly, leptin and insulin both appear to regulate the same neural circuit, the synthesis and release of neuronal NPY in the arcuate nucleus?,* The newness of the original finding with epinephrine, and later norepinephrine, and its applicability to many other endocrine glands, plus the large number of diabetes-related investigators, led to ‘frequent citations, and in 1984 this article was recognized as a citation “classic” in Current

482 citations


Cited by
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1(PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员,通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

18,940 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Jan 1994-Science
TL;DR: Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon.
Abstract: Forest systems cover more than 4.1 x 109 hectares of the Earth9s land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams of carbon, with approximately 37 percent of this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 percent in mid-latitudes, and 49 percent at high latitudes. Over two-thirds of the carbon in forest ecosystems is contained in soils and associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation in the low latitudes emitted 1.6 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, whereas forest area expansion and growth in mid- and high-latitude forest sequestered 0.7 ± 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year, for a net flux to the atmosphere of 0.9 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year. Slowing deforestation, combined with an increase in forestation and other management measures to improve forest ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities of carbon. Future forest carbon cycling trends attributable to losses and regrowth associated with global climate and land-use change are uncertain. Model projections and some results suggest that forests could be carbon sinks or sources in the future.

3,175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
13 Aug 2004-Science
TL;DR: A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world's energy needs over the next 50 years and limit atmospheric CO 2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next half-century. A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world’s energy needs over the next 50years and limit atmospheric CO 2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration. Every element in this portfolio has passed beyond the laboratory bench and demonstration project; many are already implemented somewhere at full industrial scale. Although no element is a credible candidate for doing the entire job (or even half the job) by itself, the portfolio as a whole is large enough that not every element has to be used.

2,974 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the production, characterization and current statuses of vegetable oil and biodiesel as well as the experimental research work carried out in various countries is presented.

2,891 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis as discussed by the authors proposes an inverted-U-shaped relationship between different pollutants and per capita income, i.e., environmental pressure increases up to a certain level as income goes up; after that, it decreases.

2,882 citations