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Robert J. Farrauto

Bio: Robert J. Farrauto is an academic researcher from Columbia University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Catalysis & Catalyst support. The author has an hindex of 48, co-authored 212 publications receiving 11233 citations. Previous affiliations of Robert J. Farrauto include Corning Inc. & Engelhard.


Papers
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Book
30 Nov 2001
TL;DR: Catalysis - introduction and fundamentals catalytic phenomena catalyst materials, properties and preparation catalyst characterization and selection reactors, reactor design, and activity testing catalyst deactivation - causes, mechanisms and treatment hydrogen production and synthesis gas reactions hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic compounds oxidation of inorganic and organic compounds petroleum refining and processing environmental catalysis - stationary sources homogenous catalysis, enzyme catalysis and polymerization catalysis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Catalysis - introduction and fundamentals catalytic phenomena catalyst materials, properties and preparation catalyst characterization and selection reactors, reactor design, and activity testing catalyst deactivation - causes, mechanisms and treatment hydrogen production and synthesis gas reactions hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic compounds oxidation of inorganic and organic compounds petroleum refining and processing environmental catalysis - stationary sources homogenous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, and polymerization catalysis.

982 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the basis for improvements and highlight technology areas, which will require further improvements in emissions and fuel economy, and some of the issues related to fuel cells which some believe may replace the internal combustion engines for automobile applications.
Abstract: It has now been over 25 years since the introduction of the catalytic converter to reduce emissions from the internal combustion engine. It is considered one of the greatest environmental successes of the 20th century, however, new emission control technologies are still being developed to meet ever more stringent mobile source (gasoline and diesel) emissions. This short review will discuss the basis for improvements and highlight technology area, which will require further improvements in emissions and fuel economy. Some of the issues related to fuel cells which some believe may replace the internal combustion engines for automobile applications is also be briefly discussed.

641 citations

Book
01 Oct 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the history of catalytic components in diesel engines and their application in a variety of applications, such as catalytic converter, catalytic converters, and catalytic monoliths.
Abstract: Preface. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FIRST EDITION. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, SECOND EDITION. I. FUNDAMENTALS. 1. Catalyst Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Catalyzed Verses Non-Catalyzed Reactions. 1.3 Catalytic Components. 1.4 Selectivity. 1.5 Promoters and their Effect on Activity and Selectivity. 1.6 Dispersed Model for Catalytic Component on Carrier: Pt on Al 2 O 3 . 1.7 Chemical and Physical Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis. 1.8 Practical Significance of knowing the Rate-Limiting Step. 2. The Preparation of Catalytic Materials: Carriers, Active Components, and Monolithic Substrates. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Carriers. 2.3 Making the Finished Catalyst. 2.4 Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts. 2.5 Monolithic Materials as Catalyst Substrates. 2.6 Preparing Monolithic Catalysts. 2.7 Catalytic Monoliths. 2.8 Catalyzed Monoliths Nomenclature. 2.9 Precious Metal Recovery from Monolithic Catalysts. 3. Catalyst Characterization. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Physical Properties of Catalysts. 3.3 Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials . 3.4 Techniques for Fundamental Studies. 4. Monolithic Reactors for Environmental Catalysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Chemical Kinetic Control. 4.3 The Arrhenius Equation and Reaction Parameters. 4.4 Bulk Mass Transfer. 4.5 Reactor Bed Pressure Drop. 4.6 Summary. 5. Catalyst Deactivation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Thermally Induced Deactivation. 5.3 Poisoning. 5.4 Washcoat Loss. 5.5 General Comments on Deactivation Diagnostics in Monolithic Catalysts for Environmental Applications. II. MOBILE SOURCE. 6. Automotive Catalyst. 6.1 Emissions and Regulations. 6.2 The Catalytic Reactions for Pollution Abatement. 6.3 The Physical Structure of the Catalytic Converter. 6.4 First-Generation Converters: Oxidation Catalyst (1976-1979). 6.5 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Second Generation: The Three Way Catalyst (1979 - 1986). 6.6 Vehicle Test Procedures (U.S., European and Japanese). 6.7 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Third Generation (1986 - 1992). 6.8 Palladium TWC Catalyst: The Fourth Generation (Mid-1990s). 6.9 Low Emission Catalyst Technologies. 6.10 Modern TWC Technologies for the 2000s. 6.11 Towards a Zero-Emission Stoichiometric Spark-Ignit Vehicle. 6.12 Engineered Catalyst Design. 6.13 Lean-Burn Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engines. 7. Automotive Substrates. 7.1 Introduction to Ceramic Substrates. 7.2 Requirements for Substrates. 7.3 Design Sizing of Substrates. 7.4 Physical Properties of Substrates. 7.5 Physical Durability. 7.6 Advances in Substrates. 7.7 Commercial Applications. 7.8 Summary. 8. Diesel Engine Emissions. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Worldwide Diesel Emission Standards. 8.3 NO x -Particulate Tradeoff. 8.4 Analytical Procedures for Particulates. 8.5 Particulate Removal. 8.6 NOX Reduction Technologies. 8.7 2007 Commercial System Designs (PM Removal Only). 8.8 2010 Commercial System Approaches under Development (PM and NO x Removal). 8.9 Retrofit and Off-Highway. 8.10 Natural Gas Engines. 9. Diesel Catalyst Supports and Particulate Filters. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 9.3 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Supports. 9.4 Design/Sizing of Diesel Particulate Filter. 9.5 Regeneration Techniques. 9.6 Physical Properties and Durability. 9.7 Advances in Diesel Filters. 9.8 Applications. 9.9 Summary. 10. Ozone Abatement within Jet Aircraft. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ozone Abatement. 10.3 Deactivation. 10.4 Analysis of In-Flight Samples. 10.5 New Technology. III. STATIONARY SOURCES. 11. Volatile Organic Compounds . 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Catalytic Incineration. 11.3 Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 11.4 Food Processing. 11.5 Wood Stoves. 11.6 Process Design. 11.7 Deactivation. 11.8 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts. 12. Reduction of NO x . 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Nonselective Catalytic Reduction of NOx. 12.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx. 12.4 Commercial Experience. 12.5 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O). 12.6 Catalytically Supported Thermal Combustion. 13. Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Abatement from Gas Turbines. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Catalyst for CO Abatement. 13.3 Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) Removal. 13.4 Oxidation of Reactive Hydrocarbons. 13.5 Oxidation of Unreactive Light Paraffins. 13.6 Catalyst Deactivation. 14. Small Engines. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Emissions. 14.3 EPA Regulations. 14.4 Catalyst for Handheld and Nonhandheld Engines. 14.5 Catalyst Durability. IV. NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES. 15. Ambient Air Cleanup. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Premair (R) Catalyst Systems. 15.3 Other Approaches. 16. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Generation. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Technology. 16.3 The Ideal Hydrogen Economy. 16.4 Conventional Hydrogen Generation. 16.5 Hydrogen Generation from Natural Gas for PEM Fuel Cells. 16.6 Other Fuel Cell Systems. INDEX.

619 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The high-temperature catalytic chemistry of supported palladium for methane oxidation has been studied in this article, where the authors concluded that the high temperature (> 500 ° C) activity of a supported PdO containing catalyst is due to the ability of palladium oxide to chemisorb oxygen.
Abstract: The high-temperature catalytic chemistry of supported palladium for methane oxidation has been studied. Palladium oxide supported on alumina decomposes in two distinct steps in air at one atmosphere. The first step occurs between 750 and 800 ° C and is believed to be a decomposition of palladium-oxygen species dispersed on bulk palladium metal designated (PdOx/Pd). The second decomposition is between 800 and 850 ° C and behaves like crystalline palladium oxide designated (PdO). To reform the oxide, the temperature must be decreased well below 650 ° C. Thus, there is a significant hysteresis between decomposition to palladium and re-formation of the oxide. Above 500 ° C, methane oxidation occurs readily when the catalyst contains PdO. However, when only palladium metal is present no oxygen adsorption occurs and no methane activity exists. One may conclude that the high temperature (> 500 ° C) activity of a supported palladium containing catalyst is due to the ability of palladium oxide to chemisorb oxygen. Palladium, as a metal, does not chemisorb oxygen above 650 ° C and thus, is completely inactive toward methane oxidation.

552 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an overview of the advanced technologies currently used for abating emissions from the gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines. And the challenges towards the end of the 20th century into the 21st century are discussed.

385 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In conclusion, MOFs as Host Matrices or Nanometric Reaction Cavities should not be considered as a source of concern in the determination of MOFs’ properties in relation to other materials.
Abstract: 2.2. MOFs with Metal Active Sites 4614 2.2.1. Early Studies 4614 2.2.2. Hydrogenation Reactions 4618 2.2.3. Oxidation of Organic Substrates 4620 2.2.4. CO Oxidation to CO2 4626 2.2.5. Phototocatalysis by MOFs 4627 2.2.6. Carbonyl Cyanosilylation 4630 2.2.7. Hydrodesulfurization 4631 2.2.8. Other Reactions 4632 2.3. MOFs with Reactive Functional Groups 4634 2.4. MOFs as Host Matrices or Nanometric Reaction Cavities 4636

3,106 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
04 May 2007-Science
TL;DR: Platinum NCs of unusual tetrahexahedral (THH) shape were prepared at high yield by an electrochemical treatment of Pt nanospheres supported on glassy carbon by a square-wave potential to exhibit much enhanced catalytic activity for equivalent Pt surface areas for electro-oxidation of small organic fuels such as formic acid and ethanol.
Abstract: The shapes of noble metal nanocrystals (NCs) are usually defined by polyhedra that are enclosed by {111} and {100} facets, such as cubes, tetrahedra, and octahedra. Platinum NCs of unusual tetrahexahedral (THH) shape were prepared at high yield by an electrochemical treatment of Pt nanospheres supported on glassy carbon by a square-wave potential. The single-crystal THH NC is enclosed by 24 high-index facets such as {730}, {210}, and/or {520} surfaces that have a large density of atomic steps and dangling bonds. These high-energy surfaces are stable thermally (to 800°C) and chemically and exhibit much enhanced (up to 400%) catalytic activity for equivalent Pt surface areas for electro-oxidation of small organic fuels such as formic acid and ethanol.

2,782 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of technologies related to hydrogen production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis is presented in this article.

2,673 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed in this paper, which can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor solid and/or solid solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing.
Abstract: The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed. Intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst deactivation are many; nevertheless, they can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor-solid and/or solid-solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing. As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal. Each of these six mechanisms is defined and its features are illustrated by data and examples from the literature. The status of knowledge and needs for further work are also summarized for each type of deactivation mechanism. The development during the past two decades of more sophisticated surface spectroscopies and powerful computer technologies provides opportunities for obtaining substantially better understanding of deactivation mechanisms and building this understanding into comprehensive mathematical models that will enable more effective design and optimization of processes involving deactivating catalysts. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

2,526 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Apr 2009-Nature
TL;DR: Tricobalt tetraoxide nanorods not only catalyse CO oxidation at temperatures as low as –77 °C but also remain stable in a moist stream of normal feed gas, showing the importance of morphology control in the preparation of base transition-metal oxides as highly efficient oxidation catalysts.
Abstract: [Xie, Xiaowei; Li, Yong; Shen, Wenjie] Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, State Key Lab Catalysis, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. [Liu, Zhi-Quan] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China. [Haruta, Masatake] Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Urban Environm Sci, Dept Appl Chem, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. [Haruta, Masatake] Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.;Shen, WJ (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, State Key Lab Catalysis, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China;shen98@dicp.ac.cn

2,239 citations