We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

MATPOWER is an open-source Matlab-based power system simulation package that provides a high-level set of power flow, optimal power flow (OPF), and other tools targeted toward researchers, educators, and students. The OPF architecture is designed to be extensible, making it easy to add user-defined variables, costs, and constraints to the standard OPF problem. This paper presents the details of the network modeling and problem formulations used by MATPOWER, including its extensible OPF architecture. This structure is used internally to implement several extensions to the standard OPF problem, including piece-wise linear cost functions, dispatchable loads, generator capability curves, and branch angle difference limits. Simulation results are presented for a number of test cases comparing the performance of several available OPF solvers and demonstrating MATPOWER's ability to solve large-scale AC and DC OPF problems.

/pdf/matpower-steady-state-operations-planning-and-analysis-tools-1v40ihity5.pdf

MATPOWER: Steady-State Operations, Planning, and Analysis Tools for Power Systems Research and Education

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

/pdf/smart-grid-the-new-and-improved-power-grid-a-survey-4jypbbgv3j.pdf

Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

The increasing interest in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major issues and challenges in microgrid control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control, model predictive control, multi-agent systems) is also included. The paper classifies microgrid control strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the microgrid itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the microgrid and the host grid. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature.

Trends in Microgrid Control

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

In this paper we discuss the state-of-the-art in storage technology development as well as the use of storage in a wide array of utility and customer applications. We also discuss the value and use of these various technologies, and how they might influence market design and structure should they become technically and economically viable for use in electric power systems.

The multidimensional character of electric systems storage

There are significant challenges facing electric power systems researchers as a result of the dramatic changes taking place in the US electric power industry. We have another year of experience, so a picture is beginning to emerge about how the restructured industry will eventually look. However, the startup of new market structures has not been with out its glitches. Be that as it may, new independent system Ž . operators are in place in California CAISO , New Ž . England NEISO , the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ž . Maryland Interconnection PJM and most recently, Ž . the New York ISO NYISO . Others are being planned. All of the operating ISO’s except New York, which has not been in operation long enough to tell where problem might be, have made changes to their operating structure at least once because of surprises that occurred during actual operation. These are topics for next year’s papers. This special issue contains a cross-section of papers dealing with technical and market issues associated with restructuring the electric power system, primarily in the US. The research agenda involves creating and implementing new tools and models needed to develop a prototype design for the nextgeneration electric power system. This research is important both because of the rising pressures of restructuring and competition in the electric utility industry and because of the rapid influx of new computing, communication, and control technologies into the system. In regulated monopoly power markets, a central system operator makes the decision as to which subset of generators will be operating at any particular point in time. That system operator had access to all relevant information such as heat rate curves, minimum up and down times, start-up costs and other such system equipment and operating constraints. Provided that the information available to the system operator was accurate, it was possible to dispatch generators so as to minimize system-operating costs, consistent with generator and network constraints. Future electric power systems, including those that have begun to operate this past year, could benefit by the ability to quickly reconfigure network flows in response to technical and economic pressures. This requirement, which does not yet exist, means that the full capacity of every line in the system must be available at any and every instant in order to realize a substantial economic benefit. Although present-day system operation may be designed for Aleast cost of electricityB, based on the slowly changing environment of the past, it cannot respond to the rapid competitive pace envisioned for future systems. Therefore, a well-managed redesign of the nation’s power supply is needed and these papers address some of the significant issues associated with that redesign. The alternative would be to accept unmanaged change and to operate the system in ways that were not anticipated by the original designers. Reliable operation of the grid is a major concern, especially considering the outages that have occurred during the summer these past 2 years. In the past, reliable operation has required continuous monitoring of the system conditions to compare them to predicted behavior. For over 30 years, electric utilities have been monitoring and controlling their generation and networks from control centers. However, advanced versions of these centers will be needed for the new environment and they will need to contain the intelligence required for ensuring reliability and

Restructuring the electric power business — a marriage of power engineering and markets economics

The past several years have seen marked changes in the institutional structures of the electric power industry in many countries. In most cases the driving forces for change have come from the governments. Often the objective is to introduce more competition and to increase private sector ownership of the electric supply industry. The overall aim regardless of the drivers, is to reduce the price of electricity and increase customer responsiveness by methods other than direct regulation.Primary examples of institutional change include unbundling of services and equipment, the introduction of non-utility or third party generation, proposals for and implementation of new bidding or auction arrangements for pricing electricity and corporatisation, among others. In most cases each element includes ownership changes, a competitive market with new procedures and a re-vamping of the regulatory process. Each of these elements has and will continue to have its own impact on the planning, operation, cost and reliability of power systems.This minitrack is especially interested in identifying the effects and impacts of institutional change (proposed or in place). It is especially interested in new tools and methodology, that is, the technical underpinnings needed to transition the system from the old to the new. Therefore, papers on topics related to the affected elements of restructuring of an electric power industry were of special interest.There are thirty-six papers in eight sessions covering two days in this minitrack. The papers span a range of restructuring issues from institutional to technical and from policy to economics. Three years ago when this minitrack began the first paper described four possible scenarios for future systems and made the point that the future US electric power system may contain versions of all of them and not just one. It also laid the foundation for technical work that will need to be done to see these scenarios emerge in an orderly fashion.This year ten papers deal with various elements of these technical issues and ten deal with policy matters. The remaining sisteen papers bridge technical and institutional issues that arise as a result of system restructuring.The focus of papers accepted for this minitrack is on a cross-disciplinary look at a variety of issues associated with the worldwide movement to restructure electric power systems. The topic is timely and broad and will continue to be researched and debated in the coming years.

/pdf/introduction-to-the-minitrack-on-restructuring-the-electric-17pw44zulx.pdf

Introduction to the Minitrack on Restructuring the Electric Power Industry: Emerging Issues, Methods and Tools

Abstract Inactivation of influenza A virus by radiofrequency (RF) energy exposure at levels near Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) safety thresholds has been reported. The authors hypothesized that this inactivation was through a structure-resonant energy transfer mechanism. If this hypothesis is confirmed, such a technology could be used to prevent transmission of virus in occupied public spaces where RF irradiation of surfaces could be performed at scale. The present study aims to both replicate and expand the previous work by investigating the neutralization of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, by RF radiation in 6–12 GHz range. Results showed an appreciable reduction in BCoV infectivity (up to 77%) due to RF exposure to certain frequencies, but failed to generate enough reduction to be considered clinically significant. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36887-7.pdf

Evaluation of inactivation of bovine coronavirus by low-level radiofrequency irradiation

The idea that large-scale generating units operates at marginal cost when given the ability to offer their power for sale in a uniform price auction is at best wishful thinking. In fact, both real and experimental data show that the more uncertainty a supplier faces (e.g., load uncertainty, uncertainty of other suppliers, etc.) the more they try to increase their profits by submitting offers to sell higher than marginal cost and by withholding units if permitted. This makes predicting unit commitment and dispatch ahead of time difficult. This paper explores characteristics of software agents that were designed based on the outcome of tests with human subjects using a uniform price auction with stochastic load. The agent behavior is compared to the behavior of the subjects. Both subject and agent behavior is classified based on the data. Differences and similarities are noted and explained.

/pdf/comparing-the-behavior-of-agents-to-human-subjects-in-a-457z83ffy0.pdf

Robert J. Thomas

Papers

The multidimensional character of electric systems storage

Restructuring the electric power business — a marriage of power engineering and markets economics

Introduction to the Minitrack on Restructuring the Electric Power Industry: Emerging Issues, Methods and Tools

Evaluation of inactivation of bovine coronavirus by low-level radiofrequency irradiation

Comparing the behavior of agents to human subjects in a uniform price auction