Author
Robert L. Jaffe
Other affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital, Stanford University, Princeton University ...read more
Bio: Robert L. Jaffe is an academic researcher from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Quark & Quantum chromodynamics. The author has an hindex of 63, co-authored 249 publications receiving 17273 citations. Previous affiliations of Robert L. Jaffe include Mount Sinai Hospital & Stanford University.
Topics: Quark, Quantum chromodynamics, Casimir effect, Nucleon, Hadron
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, a strongly interacting particle is a finite region of space to which fields are confined, and the confinement is accomplished in a Lorentz-invariant way by endowing the finite region with a constant energy per unit volume, $B$.
Abstract: We propose that a strongly interacting particle is a finite region of space to which fields are confined. The confinement is accomplished in a Lorentz-invariant way by endowing the finite region with a constant energy per unit volume, $B$. We call this finite region a "bag." The contained fields may be either fermions or bosons and may have any spin; they may or may not be coupled to one another. Equations of motion and boundary conditions are obtained from a variational principle. The confining region has no dynamical freedom but constrains the fields inside: There are no excitations of the coordinates determining the confining region. The model possesses many desirable features of hadron dynamics: (i) a parton interpretation and presumably Bjorken scaling; the confined fields are free or weakly interacting except close to the boundary; (ii) infinitely rising Regge trajectories as a consequence of the bag's finite extent; (iii) the Hagedorn degeneracy or limiting temperature; (iv) all physical hadrons are singlets under hadronic gauge symmetries. For example, in a theory of fractionally charged, "colored" quarks interacting with colored, massless gauge vector gluons, if both quark and gluon fields are confined to the bag, only color-singlet solutions exist. In addition to establishing these general properties, we present complete classical and quantum solutions for free scalars and also for free fermions inside a bag of one space and one time dimension. Both systems have linear mass-squared spectra. We demonstrate Poincar\'e invariance at the classical level in any dimension and at the quantum level for the above-mentioned explicit solutions in two dimensions. We discuss the behavior of specific solutions in one and three space dimensions. We also discuss in detail the problem of fermion boundary conditions, which follow only indirectly from the variational principle.
1,888 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the spectra and dominant decay couplings of mesons are calculated in the quark-bag model and shown to be broad, heavy, and usually inelastic in formation processes.
Abstract: The spectra and dominant decay couplings of ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ mesons are presented as calculated in the quark-bag model. Certain known ${0}^{+}$ mesons [$\ensuremath{\epsilon}(700),{S}^{*},\ensuremath{\delta},\ensuremath{\kappa}$] are assigned to the lightest cryptoexotic ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ nonet. The usual quark-model ${0}^{+}$ nonet ($Q\overline{Q} L=1$) must lie higher in mass. All other ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ mesons are predicted to be broad, heavy, and usually inelastic in formation processes. Other ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states which may be experimentally prominent are discussed.
965 citations
TL;DR: In the quark bag model, the same gluon-exchange forces which make the proton lighter than the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$ bind six quarks to form a stable, flavor-singlet (with strangeness of - 2) ${J}^{P}={0}^{+}$ dihyperon ($H$) at 2150 MeV as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the quark bag model, the same gluon-exchange forces which make the proton lighter than the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$ bind six quarks to form a stable, flavor-singlet (with strangeness of - 2) ${J}^{P}={0}^{+}$ dihyperon ($H$) at 2150 MeV. Another isosinglet dihyperon (${H}^{*}$) with ${J}^{P}={1}^{+}$ at 2335 MeV should appear as a bump in $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ invariant-mass plots. Production and decay systematics of the $H$ are discussed.
893 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the masses and static parameters of the light hadrons (the pseudoscalar and vector meson nonets and the baryon octet and decuplet) are calculated using the bag model.
Abstract: The masses and static parameters of the light hadrons (the pseudoscalar and vector meson nonets and the baryon octet and decuplet) are calculated using the bag model. The effects of quark kinetic energy, bag energy, strange-quark mass, colored-gluon exchange in lowest order, and energy associated with certain quantum fluctuations are included. These are parameterized by four constants which have fundamental significance and do not change from multiplet to multiplet. The fit to the spectrum is good. The ordering of all the states is given correctly. The intramultiplet splittings are very accurate for the baryon decuplet and reasonably good for the other multiplets. The isosinglet pseudoscalar mesons eta and eta' are treated separately in light of the special role that gluon intermediate states play in these states. Magnetic moments, weak decay constants, and charge radii are calculated. Where comparison with experiment is possible, we generally obtain improvement over the naive quark model. It is shown that exotic baryons do not exist as narrow resonances in this approximation to the bag theory. (AIP)
717 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the recently discovered Theta(+) baryon is a bound state of four quarks and an antiquark, containing two highly correlated ud pairs, and it lies in an near-ideally mixed SU(3)(f) 10;(f) plus sign in circle 8(f).
Abstract: We propose that the recently discovered Theta(+) baryon is a bound state of four quarks and an antiquark, containing two highly correlated ud pairs. If so, the theta(+) has positive parity, and it lies in an near-ideally mixed SU(3)(f) 10;(f) plus sign in circle 8(f). The Roper resonance and the P11(1710) fit naturally into this classification. We predict an isospin 3/2 multiplet of Xi's (S=-2) with J(Pi)=1 / 2(+) around 1750 MeV. A search for manifestly exotic Xi(+) and Xi(--) in this mass range could provide a sharp test of our proposal. We predict that charm and bottom analogs of the Theta(+) may be stable against strong decays.
610 citations
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TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。
18,940 citations
TL;DR: The unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials are introduced, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures, and the assortments of their synthetic methods are summarized.
Abstract: Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...
3,628 citations
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TL;DR: In the early 1990s, the NSF's Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara devoted a 6-month program and an intensive 1-week workshop to the subject as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the past few years one of the most exciting areas of research in physics has been the interdisciplinary field of cosmology and particle physics. The NSF's Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara devoted a 6-month program and an intensive 1-week workshop to the subject. A brief review is given of both the workshop and this field which is attracting attention, in part, because the early Universe seems to be the only laboratory in which to study grand unification.
3,436 citations
TL;DR: Wentzel and Jauch as discussed by the authors described the symmetrization of the energy momentum tensor according to the Belinfante Quantum Theory of Fields (BQF).
Abstract: To say that this is the best book on the quantum theory of fields is no praise, since to my knowledge it is the only book on this subject But it is a very good and most useful book The original was written in German and appeared in 1942 This is a translation with some minor changes A few remarks have been added, concerning meson theory and nuclear forces, also footnotes referring to modern work in this field, and finally an appendix on the symmetrization of the energy momentum tensor according to Belinfante Quantum Theory of Fields Prof Gregor Wentzel Translated from the German by Charlotte Houtermans and J M Jauch Pp ix + 224, (New York and London: Interscience Publishers, Inc, 1949) 36s
2,935 citations