Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer an immediate solution for emissions reduction and fuel displacement within the current infrastructure. Targeting PHEV powertrain optimization, a plethora of energy management strategies (EMSs) have been proposed. Although these algorithms present various levels of complexity and accuracy, they find a limitation in terms of availability of future trip information, which generally prevents exploitation of the full PHEV potential in real-life cycles. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of EMS evolution toward blended mode (BM) and optimal control, providing a thorough survey of the latest progress in optimization-based algorithms. This is performed in the context of connected vehicles and highlights certain contributions that intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), traffic information, and cloud computing can provide to enhance PHEV energy management. The study is culminated with an analysis of future trends in terms of optimization algorithm development, optimization criteria, PHEV integration in the smart grid, and vehicles as part of the fleet.

Energy Management in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Recent Progress and a Connected Vehicles Perspective

Horizon 2020 Project “Design for Resource and Energy efficiency in CerAMic Kilns- DREAM Project (Grant No: 723641), Horizon 2020 Industrial THERMal energy recovery conversion and management (Grant No:680599) and ESPRC (Grant No: EP/P004636/1)

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/16137/3/Fulltext.pdf

Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications

WE found, on experimental grounds in Article I, that the field of air‐flow past a short body of low resistance shape, such as an aerofoil, comprises two dissimilar parts: (a) a thin boundary layer enveloping the body and dominated by viscous effects, and (b) a motion outside the boundary layer in which viscosity is much less important. It will be remembered that in the external motion occur the large pressure changes, which, transmitted through the boundary layer, account for nearly all the lift and for part of the drag. These pressures we observed to be calculable from the velocities without appreciable error by Bernoulli's equation. In the present Article we confine attention to this external flow, assuming it to be steady, incompressible, and inviscid. Its dependence upon (a), already discussed to some extent, we ignore; the boundary layer is conceived to be everywhere very thin, so that the only role it plays is to allow of relative velocity at the surface of the body. The assumptions made, excepting that of incompressibility, will appear drastic, and it will not be surprising if some of our deductions prove discordant with experimental fact. Nevertheless, they lead to a theory which finds many applications and uses in real fluid motion, and, in particular, gives an intimate view of aerofoil flow that is very close to the truth. It is convenient to develop our reasoning in analytical terms and for simplicity to restrict the flow to two dimensions (Article 1, §5). But the engineer will find special scope in this part of aerodynamics for graphical methods in the solution of particular problems.

Aerodynamics for Engineers

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are one of the most viable technologies to achieve the goals of energy saving and environmental protection before a breakthrough in battery technology and fuel cell technology. Energy management strategy as a key technology of HEVs is studied extensively and deeply to improve the performance of HEVs and speed up the industrialization of HEVs. This paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates current research status of energy management strategies for HEVs based on bibliometrics for the first time, through content analysis involving analysis of author keywords and abstracts. Then qualitative analysis is performed for all kinds of energy management strategies that are used in HEVs in detail, essential characteristics involving pros and cons, interconnections and improvement potential among various energy management strategies are revealed from the view of control theory. Finally, latest developing trends in energy management strategies of HEVs are presented to improve the performance of HEVs based on above quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, covering driving cycle recognition/prediction algorithms, integrated multi-objective, coordinated optimization energy management strategies, good balance between computation complexity and optimization performance of energy management strategies, fair and credible evaluation system of energy management strategies. This paper not only first provides a comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for HEVs, but also puts forward the emphasis and orientation of future study, which will broaden relevant researchers׳ vision and promote the development of a simple and practical energy management controller with low cost and high performance for HEVs.

A comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on bibliometrics

Review of organic Rankine cycle for small-scale applications

A real time energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on optimal control theory

Although tissue and cell manipulation nowadays is a common task in biomedical analysis, there are still many different ways to accomplish it, most of which are still not sufficiently general, inexpensive, accurate, efficient or effective. Several problems arise both for in vivo or in vitro analysis, such as the maximum overall size of the device and the gripper jaws (like in minimally-invasive open biopsy) or very limited manipulating capability, degrees of freedom or dexterity (like in tissues or cell-handling operations). This paper presents a new approach to tissue and cell manipulation, which employs a conceptually new conjugate surfaces flexure hinge (CSFH) silicon MEMS-based technology micro-gripper that solves most of the above-mentioned problems. The article describes all of the phases of the development, including topology conception, structural design, simulation, construction, actuation testing and in vitro observation. The latter phase deals with the assessment of the function capability, which consists of taking a series of in vitro images by optical microscopy. They offer a direct morphological comparison between the gripper and a variety of tissues.

Development of Micro-Grippers for Tissue and Cell Manipulation with Direct Morphological Comparison

Expander selection for an on board ORC energy recovery system

Feasibility analysis of a small-scale ORC energy recovery system for vehicular application

Pollution derived from transportation systems is a worldwide, timelier issue than ever. The abatement actions of harmful substances in the air are on the agenda and they are necessary today to safeguard our welfare and that of the planet. Environmental pollution in large cities is approximately 20% due to the transportation system. In addition, private traffic contributes greatly to city pollution. Further, “vehicle operating life” is most often exceeded and vehicle emissions do not comply with European antipollution standards. It becomes mandatory to find a solution that respects the environment and, realize an appropriate transportation service to the customers. New technologies related to hybrid–electric engines are making great strides in reducing emissions, and the funds allocated by public authorities should be addressed. In addition, the use (implementation) of new technologies is also convenient from an economic point of view. In fact, by implementing the use of hybrid vehicles, fuel consumption can be reduced. The different hybrid configurations presented refer to such a series architecture, developed by the researchers and Research and Development groups. Regarding energy flows, different strategy logic or vehicle management units have been illustrated. Various configurations and vehicles were studied by simulating different driving cycles, both European approval and homologation and customer ones (typically municipal and university). The simulations have provided guidance on the optimal proposed configuration and information on the component to be used.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/11/2924/pdf

Roberto Capata

Papers

A real time energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on optimal control theory

Development of Micro-Grippers for Tissue and Cell Manipulation with Direct Morphological Comparison

Expander selection for an on board ORC energy recovery system

Feasibility analysis of a small-scale ORC energy recovery system for vehicular application

Urban and Extra-Urban Hybrid Vehicles: A Technological Review