Comparison among various energy management strategies for reducing hydrogen consumption in a hybrid fuel cell/supercapacitor/battery system

Enhancing the operation of fuel cell-photovoltaic-battery-supercapacitor renewable system through a hybrid energy management strategy

Modeling and performance evaluation of PEM fuel cell by controlling its input parameters

In this paper, a classic proportional–integral (PI) control strategy as an energy management strategy (EMS) and a microgrid stand-alone power system configuration are proposed to work independently out of grid. The proposed system combines photovoltaics (PVs), fuel cells (FCs), batteries, and supercapacitors (SCs). The system supplies a dump load with its demand power. The system includes DC/DC and DC/AC converters, as well as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to maximize the harvested energy from PV array. The system advantages are represented to overcome the problem of each source when used individually and to optimize the hydrogen consumption. The classic PI control strategy is used to control the main system parameters like FC current and the state-of-charge (SOC) for the battery and SC. In order to analyze and monitor the system, it was implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation done for fuzzy logic and high frequency decoupling and state machine control strategies to validate the PI classic control strategy. The obtained results confirmed that the system works efficiently as a microgrid system. The results show that the SOC for the battery is kept between 56 and 65.4%, which is considered a proper value for such types of batteries. The DC bus voltage (VDC) is kept within the acceptable level. Moreover, the H2 fuel consumption is 12.1 gm, as the FCs are used as supported sources working with the PV. A big area for improvement is available for cost saving, which suggests the need for further research through system optimization and employing different control strategies.

https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/5/3/63/pdf

Energy Management of a DC Microgrid Composed of Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Systems

A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is very useful for distributed generation and for portable users like electric vehicles because it is very efficient, emission free and operated at low temperature. However, it is not so easy to find direct experimental estimates of the actual performance of PEM fuel cell through various phenomena and operating conditions like chemical reactions, fuel pressure, working temperature and fuel humidity. Mathematical modeling, therefore, plays an important role in understanding operational performance of PEM fuel cell. The actual operating performance of PEM fuel cell depends on a number of parameters, therefore developing an accurate model that includes its dynamic behavior is most important. In this paper, first time, the system identification black box approach is used to develop a number of simple but more realistic mathematical model structures for a PEM fuel cell. The performance of each model structure is compared with the data from a 25 cm2 active area practical PEM fuel cell for result validation. The presented models can be used to predict polarization behavior of the PEM fuel cell under different loading conditions.

System identification black box approach for modeling performance of PEM fuel cell

Design of electrical power generation systems based on fuel cells demands for an electrical model for these ones. In fact, designing engineering systems is based on accurate simulation tools that require accurate models of components and subsystems. MatLab/Simulink shows a general approach and it is very common tool for designing electrical control systems. To design electrical generation systems based on hydrogen using the MatLab/Simulink as design tool demands for accurate electrical models of the fuel cells. The behaviour of PEM fuel cells is dependent on so many parameters; so obtaining an accurate model of a PEM fuel cell, including dynamical behaviour, becomes essential to design electrical power generation based on fuel cells. For that purpose, a mathematical model of a PEM fuel cell system developed in MatLab/Simulink is demonstrated. However, the difficulty emerges in the lack of manufacturer data about the exact values of the parameters needed for modelling it. The analytical formulation of the fuel cell behaviour is based on a set of equations demanding knowledge on several parameters whose values are dependent on cell operation as well as on operating temperature. The method adopted in order to determine the optimum set of parameters is the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm, which proves to be well adapted to satisfy the goal of a fast convergence to establish the right values for the cell parameters. The good agreement between the simulation and the experimental results shows that the proposed model provides an accurate representation of the static and dynamic behaviour for the PEM fuel cell. As the model is already established, the paper shows that the designing of electrical generation systems based on fuel cells can be easily performed in MatLab/Simulink environment. The results carried out in designing a DC/DC converter appropriate to take control and optimization of operation point of a Fuel Cell show that the model is appropriate to be applied in designing electrical generation systems. The simulation results are compared with real data got from commercial systems.

/pdf/matlab-simulink-as-design-tool-of-pem-fuel-cells-as-1fm0jcea19.pdf

MatLab/Simulink as design tool of PEM Fuel Cells as electrical generation systems

TheMatPLCisaninternational project todevelop a programsimilar toa PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) JbrPOSIXoperating systems. Itisanopen sourceapplication consisting ofa coregeneric modules, andtools Jbrcreating custom modules. Since manycontrol andmonitoring systems aredistributed in nature, they require that theapplication berunning on an embedded system capable ofwithstanding harsh environments. This paperdescribes theporting oftheMatPLCcode basetoacommercial embedded systemrunning ona PowerPCCPU.Timemeasurements weretakento deter iinewhether theresulting codewouldbesuitable forcontrol applications.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10734/33858/01612658.pdf

Embedd'ing theMatPLC

Newapplications, like electrical powergeneration, present new challenges indesigning induction machines duetospecific operation conditions. Windgeneration demands themachine foroperating doubly fed, requiring anelectrical installation based onlongcable lengths connecting theconverter tothe generator. Whatresults inrotor andstator circuits operate under highvoltage withhighgradients and damped highfrequencies whichfurther stresses themotorinsulation. Tosatisfy these application demands well-defined nonstandard machines arerequired. A component approach doesnotallow an optimal solution. Thesuccessisafunction ofthecollective understanding ofthevarious elements concerning specification, design, application, andintegration ofthesystem. Theproposed methodology gives afundamental contribution totheeffective inverter/machine highperformance andlowcost package design based onoperating conditions oftheinverter drive andalternative machine design, describing thesystem asawhole.

Roberto Frias

Papers

MatLab/Simulink as design tool of PEM Fuel Cells as electrical generation systems

Embedd'ing theMatPLC

Integrated Inverter/Inducti on Machine Design Basedon Operating Conditions forElectrical Generation