Showing papers by "Rodney S. Ruoff published in 2015"
TL;DR: Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices.
Abstract: Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices. Graphene's flexibility, large surface area, and chemical stability, combined with its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, make it promising as a catalyst in fuel and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemically functionalized graphene can also improve storage and diffusion of ionic species and electric charge in batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional crystals provide optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties complementing those of graphene, enabling the realization of ultrathin-film photovoltaic devices or systems for hydrogen production. Here, we review the use of graphene and related materials for energy conversion and storage, outlining the roadmap for future applications.
2,850 citations
TL;DR: An asymmetric supercapacitor with porous MnO2 nanotubes as the positive electrode and activated graphene as the negative electrode yielded an energy density and maximum power density that exceeded those reported for other MnO1 nanostructures.
Abstract: Porous nanotubes comprised of MnO2 nanosheets were fabricated with a one-pot hydrothermal method using polycarbonate membrane as the template. The diameter and thickness of nanotubes can be controlled by choice of the membrane pore size and the chemistry. The porous MnO2 nanotubes were used as a supercapacitor electrode. The specific capacitance in a three-electrode system was 365 F g−1 at a current density of 0.25 A g−1 with capacitance retention of 90.4% after 3000 cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor with porous MnO2 nanotubes as the positive electrode and activated graphene as the negative electrode yielded an energy density of 22.5 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 146.2 kW kg−1; these values exceeded those reported for other MnO2 nanostructures. The supercapacitor performance was correlated with the hierarchical structure of the porous MnO2 nanotubes.
313 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the effective thermal conductivity of these UGF composites can be increased further by growing long CNT networks directly from the graphite struts of UGFs into the pore space, and it is discovered that the hybrid structure strongly suppresses subcooling of erythritol due to the heterogeneous nucleation of ERYTHritol at interfaces with the graphitic structures.
Abstract: Continuous ultrathin graphite foams (UGFs) have been actively researched recently to obtain composite materials with increased thermal conductivities. However, the large pore size of these graphitic foams has resulted in large thermal resistance values for heat conduction from inside the pore to the high thermal conductivity graphitic struts. Here, we demonstrate that the effective thermal conductivity of these UGF composites can be increased further by growing long CNT networks directly from the graphite struts of UGFs into the pore space. When erythritol, a phase change material for thermal energy storage, is used to fill the pores of UGF-CNT hybrids, the thermal conductivity of the UGF-CNT/erythritol composite was found to increase by as much as a factor of 1.8 compared to that of a UGF/erythritol composite, whereas breaking the UGF-CNT bonding in the hybrid composite resulted in a drop in the effective room-temperature thermal conductivity from about 4.1 ± 0.3 W m(-1) K(-1) to about 2.9 ± 0.2 W m(-1) K(-1) for the same UGF and CNT loadings of about 1.8 and 0.8 wt %, respectively. Moreover, we discovered that the hybrid structure strongly suppresses subcooling of erythritol due to the heterogeneous nucleation of erythritol at interfaces with the graphitic structures.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a plasmonic metasurface with two Fano resonances was used to enhance the interaction of infrared light with single layer graphene, and it was shown that such an electrically controllable spectral shift, combined with the narrow spectral width of the Fano resonance, enables reflectivity modulation by nearly an order of magnitude.
Abstract: Graphene has emerged as a promising optoelectronic material because its optical properties can be rapidly and dramatically changed using electric gating. Graphene’s weak optical response, especially in the infrared part of the spectrum, remains the key challenge to developing practical graphene-based optical devices such as modulators, infrared detectors, and tunable reflect-arrays. Here it is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated that a plasmonic metasurface with two Fano resonances can dramatically enhance the interaction of infrared light with single layer graphene. Graphene’s plasmonic response in the Pauli blocking regime is shown to cause strong spectral shifts of the Fano resonances without inducing additional nonradiative losses. It is shown that such electrically controllable spectral shift, combined with the narrow spectral width of the metasurface’s Fano resonances, enables reflectivity modulation by nearly an order of magnitude. We also demonstrate that metasurface-based enhancement of...
212 citations
TL;DR: The synthesis of unoxidized graphene/alumina composite materials having enhanced toughness, strength, and wear-resistance by a low-cost and environmentally benign pressure-less-sintering process is reported on.
Abstract: It is of critical importance to improve toughness, strength, and wear-resistance together for the development of advanced structural materials. Herein, we report on the synthesis of unoxidized graphene/alumina composite materials having enhanced toughness, strength, and wear-resistance by a low-cost and environmentally benign pressure-less-sintering process. The wear resistance of the composites was increased by one order of magnitude even under high normal load condition (25 N) as a result of a tribological effect of graphene along with enhanced fracture toughness (KIC) and flexural strength (σf) of the composites by ~75% (5.60 MPa·m1/2) and ~25% (430 MPa), respectively, compared with those of pure Al2O3. Furthermore, we found that only a small fraction of ultra-thin graphene (0.25–0.5 vol%, platelet thickness of 2–5 nm) was enough to reinforce the composite. In contrast to unoxidized graphene, graphene oxide (G-O) and reduced graphene oxide (rG-O) showed little or less enhancement of fracture toughness due to the degraded mechanical strength of rG-O and the structural defects of the G-O composites.
210 citations
TL;DR: By combining a graphene layer and aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) sheets in two different configurations, it is demonstrated that optical, electrical, and electromechanical properties of the resulting hybrid films depend on configurations.
Abstract: By combining a graphene layer and aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) sheets in two different configurations, i) graphene on the top of MWNTs and ii) MWNTs on the top of the graphene, it is demonstrated that optical, electrical, and electromechanical properties of the resulting hybrid films depend on configurations.
114 citations
TL;DR: The sheet contact produced by in situ activation of nitrogen-doped graphene on highly conductive graphite foam is found to be superior to the "point contact" obtained by the traditional drop-casting method and facilitates electron transfer.
Abstract: We report the fabrication of a three-dimensional free-standing nitrogen-doped porous graphene/graphite foam by in situ activation of nitrogen-doped graphene on highly conductive graphite foam (GF). After in situ activation, intimate "sheet contact" was observed between the graphene sheets and the GF. The sheet contact produced by in situ activation is found to be superior to the "point contact" obtained by the traditional drop-casting method and facilitates electron transfer. Due to the intimate contact as well as the use of an ultralight GF current collector, the composite electrode delivers a gravimetric capacity of 642 mAh g(-1) and a volumetric capacity of 602 mAh cm(-3) with respect to the whole electrode mass and volume (including the active materials and the GF current collector). When normalized based on the mass of the active material, the composite electrode delivers a high specific capacity of up to 1687 mAh g(-1), which is superior to that of most graphene-based electrodes. Also, after ∼90 s charging, the anode delivers a capacity of about 100 mAh g(-1) (with respect to the total mass of the electrode), indicating its potential use in high-rate lithium-ion batteries.
113 citations
TL;DR: Control experiments for the epoxy/silicon interface established a rate dependent adhesion, which supports the hypothesis that the adhesion of the graphene/epoxy interface was higher than that of thehene/copper interface at the higher separation rate, thereby providing a controllable mechanism for selective transfer of graphene in future nanofabrication systems such as roll-to-roll transfer.
Abstract: A very fast, dry transfer process based on mechanical delamination successfully effected the transfer of large-area, CVD grown graphene on copper foil to silicon. This has been achieved by bonding silicon backing layers to both sides of the graphene-coated copper foil with epoxy and applying a suitably high separation rate to the backing layers. At the highest separation rate considered (254.0 μm/s), monolayer graphene was completely transferred from the copper foil to the target silicon substrate. On the other hand, the lowest rate (25.4 μm/s) caused the epoxy to be completely separated from the graphene. Fracture mechanics analyses were used to determine the adhesion energy between graphene and its seed copper foil (6.0 J/m2) and between graphene and the epoxy (3.4 J/m2) at the respective loading rates. Control experiments for the epoxy/silicon interface established a rate dependent adhesion, which supports the hypothesis that the adhesion of the graphene/epoxy interface was higher than that of the grap...
101 citations
TL;DR: The composition, structure, and electrical properties of mechanically exfoliated WSe2 nanosheets on SiO2/Si substrates were studied as a function of the extent of thermal oxidation.
Abstract: Because of the drastically different intralayer versus interlayer bonding strengths, the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials are highly anisotropic between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The structural anisotropy may also play a role in chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and etching. Here, the composition, structure, and electrical properties of mechanically exfoliated WSe2 nanosheets on SiO2/Si substrates were studied as a function of the extent of thermal oxidation. A major component of the oxidation, as indicated from optical and Raman data, starts from the nanosheet edges and propagates laterally toward the center. Partial oxidation also occurs in certain areas at the surface of the flakes, which are shown to be highly conductive by microwave impedance microscopy. Using secondary ion mass spectroscopy, we also observed extensive oxidation at the WSe2–SiO2 interface. The combination of multiple microcopy methods can thus provide vit...
93 citations
TL;DR: The demonstration of one-dimensional electron confinement in graphene provides the novel possibility of controlling its electronic properties not by chemical modification but by ‘mechanical structuring'.
Abstract: Graphene-based carbon materials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes have distinct and unique electronic properties that depend on their dimensionality and geometric structures. Graphene wrinkles with pseudo one-dimensional structures have been observed in a graphene sheet. However, their one-dimensional electronic properties have never been observed because of their large widths. Here we report the unique electronic structure of graphene nanowrinkles in a graphene sheet grown on Ni(111), the width of which was small enough to cause one-dimensional electron confinement. Use of spatially resolved, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy revealed bandgap opening and a one-dimensional van Hove singularity in the graphene nanowrinkles, as well as the chemical potential distribution across the graphene nanowrinkles. This observation allows us to realize a metallic-semiconducting-metallic junction in a single graphene sheet. Our demonstration of one-dimensional electron confinement in graphene provides the novel possibility of controlling its electronic properties not by chemical modification but by ‘mechanical structuring'.
75 citations
TL;DR: The production of holes by electron beam irradiation in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which has a lattice similar to that of graphene, is monitored over time using atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy and compared to density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.
Abstract: The production of holes by electron beam irradiation in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which has a lattice similar to that of graphene, is monitored over time using atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The holes appear to be initiated by the formation of a vacancy of boron and grow in a manner that retains an overall triangular shape. The hole growth process involves the formation of single chains of B and N atoms and is accompanied by the ejection of atoms and bundles of atoms along the hole edges, as well as atom migration. These observations are compared to density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.
TL;DR: A characterization methodology combining (micro-) Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is proposed to provide structural information, morphology and planar chemical composition at virtually the atomic level, aimed specifically at studying 2D vertical heterostructures.
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals and their heterostructures are an intense area of study owing to their unique properties that result from structural planar confinement. Intrinsically, the performance of a planar vertical device is linked to the quality of its 2D components and their interfaces, therefore requiring characterization tools that can reveal both its planar chemistry and morphology. Here, we propose a characterization methodology combining (micro-) Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to provide structural information, morphology and planar chemical composition at virtually the atomic level, aimed specifically at studying 2D vertical heterostructures. As an example system, a graphene-on-h-BN heterostructure is analysed to reveal, with an unprecedented level of detail, the subtle chemistry and interactions within its layer structure that can be assigned to specific fabrication steps. Such detailed chemical information is of crucial importance for the complete integration of 2D heterostructures into functional devices.
TL;DR: First-principles calculations and Monte Carlo modeling explain the shapes observed in experiments and earlier studies for various metal surface symmetries.
Abstract: In graphene growth, island symmetry can become lower than the intrinsic symmetries of both graphene and the substrate. First-principles calculations and Monte Carlo modeling explain the shapes observed in our experiments and earlier studies for various metal surface symmetries. For equilibrium shape, edge energy variations $\ensuremath{\delta}E$ manifest in distorted hexagons with different ground-state edge structures. In growth or nucleation, energy variation enters exponentially as $\ensuremath{\sim}{e}^{\ensuremath{\delta}E/{k}_{B}T}$, strongly amplifying the symmetry breaking, up to completely changing the shapes to triangular, ribbonlike, or rhombic.
TL;DR: An electrochemical method to simultaneously reduce and delaminate graphene oxide (G-O) thin films deposited on metal (Al and Au) substrates, making it possible to reuse the substrate and lower production costs is reported.
Abstract: Here we report an electrochemical method to simultaneously reduce and delaminate graphene oxide (G-O) thin films deposited on metal (Al and Au) substrates. During the electrochemical reaction, interface charge transfer between the G-O thin film and the electrode surface was found to be important in eliminating oxygen-containing groups, yielding highly reduced graphene oxide (rG-O). In the meantime, hydrogen bubbles were electrochemically generated at the rG-O film/electrode interface, propagating the film delamination. Unlike other metal-based G-O reduction methods, the metal used here was either not etched at all (for Au) or etched a small amount (for Al), thus making it possible to reuse the substrate and lower production costs. The delaminated rG-O film exhibits a thickness-dependent degree of reduction: greater reduction is achieved in thinner films. The thin rG-O films having an optical transmittance of 90% (λ = 550 nm) had a sheet resistance of 6390 ± 447 Ω/□ (ohms per square). rG-O-based stretchable transparent conducting films were also demonstrated.
TL;DR: Pentacene (C22H14), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was used as both supporting and sacrificing layers for the clean and doping-free graphene transfer and exhibited extremely homogeneous surface potential profiles over a large area.
Abstract: Pentacene (C22H14), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was used as both supporting and sacrificing layers for the clean and doping-free graphene transfer. After successful transfer of graphene to a target substrate, the pentacene layer was physically removed from the graphene surface by using intercalating organic solvent. This solvent-mediated removal of pentacene from graphene surface was investigated by both theoretical calculation and experimental studies with various solvents. The uses of pentacene and appropriate intercalation solvent enabled graphene transfer without forming a residue from the supporting layer. Such residues tend to cause charged impurity scattering and unintentional graphene doping effects. As a result, this clean graphene exhibited extremely homogeneous surface potential profiles over a large area. A field-effect transistor fabricated using this graphene displayed a high hole (electron) mobility of 8050 cm2/V·s (9940 cm2/V·s) with a nearly zero Dirac point voltage.
TL;DR: The large-scale synthesis of graphene-oxide-like quantum dots (GOLQDs) is reported by oxidizing C(60) molecules using a modified Hummers method with a yield of ≈25 wt% readily achieved.
Abstract: The large-scale synthesis of graphene-oxide-like quantum dots (GOLQDs) is reported by oxidizing C(60) molecules using a modified Hummers method with a yield of ≈25 wt% readily achieved. The GOLQDs are highly soluble in water and in addition to hexagons have other carbon rings in the structure. They have an average height of ≈1.2 nm and a diameter distribution of 0.6-2.2 nm after drying on substrates. First-principle calculations indicate that a possible rupturing route may include the insertion of oxygen atoms to CC bonds in the C(60) molecule, followed by rupture of that CC bonds. The GOLQD suspension has a strong photoluminescence (PL) with peak position dependent on excitation wavelength. The PL is related to the size and emissive traps caused by oxygen-containing groups. The GOLQDs also catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with a high selectivity.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present methods for the preparation of homogenous colloidal suspensions of CMGs and procedures for the chemical reduction of graphene oxide, along with techniques for the structural elucidation of reduced graphene oxide materials.
Abstract: This review documents our contributions to the synthesis of chemically-modified graphene (CMG) materials. We focus on methods for the preparation of homogenous colloidal suspensions of CMGs and procedures for the chemical reduction of graphene oxide, along with techniques for the structural elucidation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide materials. We conclude with an outline of the persisting chemical challenges and current limitations of practical applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the grain boundaries of polycrystalline graphene were visualized by Raman spectroscopy coupled with a carbon isotope labeling technique, and the failure strength of these grain boundaries was investigated.
Abstract: Failure of polycrystalline graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition was investigated by nanoindentation in a scanning electron microscope. Circular graphene membranes were subject to central point loads using a nanomanipulator combined with an atomic force microscope cantilever as a force sensor. The grain boundaries of the polycrystalline graphene were visualized by Raman spectroscopy coupled with a carbon isotope labeling technique. Graphene membranes without any grain boundary had a failure strength of 45.4 ± 10.4 GPa, compared to 16.4 ± 5.1 GPa for those with grain boundaries when a Young's modulus was assumed to be 1 TPa. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TL;DR: Carvalho et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of 3D carbon materials by using a 3D-Carbon Materials Model (3DCM) for the first time.
Abstract: Bruno R. Carvalho,1,* Yufeng Hao,2 Ariete Righi,1 Joaquin F. Rodriguez-Nieva,3 Luigi Colombo,4 Rodney S. Ruoff,2,5,6 Marcos A. Pimenta,1 and Cristiano Fantini1,† 1Departamento de Fisica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C2200, Austin, Texas 78712-0292, USA 3Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 4Texas Instruments Incorporated, 13121 TI Boulevard, MS-365 Dallas, Texas 75243, USA 5Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea 6Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea (Received 16 June 2015; published 8 September 2015)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the CVD growth of various atomic layers and review recent progresses including (1) the growth of graphene using methane and ethanol as carbon sources, (2) hBN using borazine and ammonia borane, and (3) CVD growing of various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) using single and multi-furnace methods.
Abstract: Research on atomic layers including graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and their heterostructures has attracted a great deal of attention. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can provide large-area structure-defined high-quality atomic layer samples, which have considerably contributed to the recent advancement of atomic-layer research. In this article, we focus on the CVD growth of various atomic layers and review recent progresses including (1) the CVD growth of graphene using methane and ethanol as carbon sources, (2) the CVD growth of hBN using borazine and ammonia borane, (3) the CVD growth of various TMDCs using single and multi-furnace methods, and (4) CVD growth of vertical and lateral heterostructures such as graphene/hBN, MoS2/graphite, WS2/hBN and MoS2/WS2.
10 May 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine ultrafast time-resolved THz spectroscopy and microscopic modeling to study the hot-carrier relaxation and cooling dynamics in graphene; they obtain quantitative agreement without the need to invoke disorder effects and demonstrate that the dynamics are the result of the intricate interplay between carrier-carriers and carrier-phonon interactions.
Abstract: We combine ultrafast time-resolved THz spectroscopy and microscopic modeling to study the hot-carrier relaxation and cooling dynamics in graphene; we obtain quantitative agreement without the need to invoke disorder effects and demonstrate that the dynamics are the result of the intricate interplay between carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon interactions.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the thermal conductivity of ultrathin graphite exhibits a slight dependence on the isotope concentration at temperatures near its maximum, and that the strength of phonon-isotope scattering in the high-ISO impurity-concentration regime is well below that given by a commonly used incoherent and independent isotope impurity scattering model.
Abstract: As the isotopic concentration of ultrathin graphite is varied from natural abundance to nearly pure ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$, the thermal conductivity displays a slight dependence on the isotope concentration at temperatures near its maximum $\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The strength of phonon-isotope scattering in the high-isotope impurity-concentration regime is found to be well below that given by a commonly used incoherent and independent isotope impurity scattering model. This finding is in agreement with some recent theoretical predictions that coherent multiple scattering of phonons is important in the measured thermal conductivity of low-dimensional materials in the high-isotope impurity-concentration regime.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the average thickness of the graphene films, which was found to be 1.06 −±−0.14, 1.19 −± −0.13, and 1.87 −± 0.13 monolayers.
TL;DR: In this article, first principles density functional calculations were performed for the hydrogen transfer reaction between the graphene surface and a mixture of hydrogen carrier and electron donor, and a potentially more efficient experimental procedure can be designed.
TL;DR: Corrigendum: Revealing the planar chemistry of two-dimensional heterostructures at the atomic level with respect to polyene and polymethine.
Abstract: Nature Communications 6, Article number: 7482 (2015); Published 23 June 2015; Updated 21 August 2015 The financial support for this Article was not fully acknowledged. The Acknowledgements should have included the following: The atomic force microscope used in these studies was acquired under the program ‘Understanding Charge Separation and Transfer at Interfaces in Energy Materials (EFRC:CST)’, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Carvalho et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated carbon isotope effects on the Raman spectra of graphene with different 13 C isotope concentrations and using different laser excitation energies, and showed that isotope substitution does not alter the electron and phonon dispersions near the K point of the graphene Brillouin zone.
Abstract: Citation Carvalho, Bruno R., et al. \"Probing carbon isotope effects on the Raman spectra of graphene with different [superscript 13]C concentrations. Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. A resonance Raman study of graphene samples with different 13 C isotopic concentrations and using different laser excitation energies is presented. The main Raman peaks (D, G, G * , and 2D) of graphene were measured and the dependence of their frequencies on the isotope atomic mass follows a simple harmonic oscillator relation. The G * and 2D double-resonance peak positions were measured as a function of the laser energy, and we observed that the slopes of the laser energy dependence are the same independently of isotope concentration. This result shows that isotopic substitution does not alter the electron and phonon dispersions near the K point of the graphene Brillouin zone. From the linewidth of G and 2D Raman peaks, we have also obtained a dependence of the phonon lifetime on the 13 C isotope concentration.
27 Jun 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude and phase modulation in a graphene-integrated Fano-resonant plasmonic metasurface is demonstrated. But the amplitude modulation depth was not shown.
Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate amplitude and phase modulation in graphene-integrated Fano-resonant plasmonic metasurfaces. Order of magnitude modulation depth is achieved in mid-IR. Strong coupling between trapped graphene and metallic plasmons is predicted in high-mobility graphene.
TL;DR: This work extended the case of the amination of sp(2)-bonded carbon surfaces and discussed the general perspective that, in general, an unfavorable chemical process can be activated by applying an external electric field with an appropriate resonance frequency.
Abstract: We used ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to investigate the effect of a monochromatic oscillating electric field in resonance with a particular molecular vibration on surfaces. As a case study, AIMD simulations were carried out for hydroxyl functional groups on graphene. When the frequency of the applied field matches with the C–OH vibration frequency, the amplitude is monotonically amplified, leading to a complete desorption from the surface, overcoming the substantial barrier. This suggests the possibility of activating a particular bond without damaging the remaining surface. We extended this work to the case of the amination of sp2-bonded carbon surfaces and discussed the general perspective that, in general, an unfavorable chemical process can be activated by applying an external electric field with an appropriate resonance frequency.