Author
Roland E. Schmieder
Other affiliations: Complutense University of Madrid, University of Regensburg
Bio: Roland E. Schmieder is an academic researcher from University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. The author has contributed to research in topics: Blood pressure & Essential hypertension. The author has an hindex of 97, co-authored 717 publications receiving 78138 citations. Previous affiliations of Roland E. Schmieder include Complutense University of Madrid & University of Regensburg.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that statin therapy exerts beneficial effects not only by lowering LDL cholesterol but also via its so-called pleiotropic effects, which seem particularly important for reducing risk of CV disease in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease and diabetes. Its prevalence is about 20% to 30% among adults worldwide and is increasing. The primary goal is reduction of CV risk through lifestyle changes and drug therapy if required. Post hoc analyses of prospective trials showed the benefit of lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Statin therapy exerts beneficial effects not only by lowering LDL cholesterol but also via its so-called pleiotropic effects. These effects seem particularly important for reducing risk of CV disease in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Thus, evidence is accumulating that statins are very effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
17 citations
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TL;DR: The current state of the evidence for the effectiveness and tolerability of the procedure is considered from the nephrologists' perspective, with a focus on the potential future role of renal denervation in the management of CKD patients with hypertension.
Abstract: Catheter-based renal denervation to reduce high blood pressure (BP) has received well-deserved attention after a recent series of sham-controlled trials reported significant antihypertensive efficacy and very favourable tolerability and safety of the intervention. This emerging treatment option is of high relevance to nephrologists. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at elevated risk of cardiovascular adverse events and often present with hypertension, which is very difficult to control with medication. Renal denervation promises a new tool to reduce BP and to prevent loss of renal function in this population. The current review considers the role of the kidney and neurohormonal activation in the development of hypertension and the rationale for renal denervation. The current state of the evidence for the effectiveness and tolerability of the procedure is considered from the nephrologists' perspective, with a focus on the potential future role of renal denervation in the management of CKD patients with hypertension.
17 citations
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TL;DR: L-arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not different between a group of hypertensive diabetic patients and a young, healthy reference group, and other parameters of renal hemodynamics were not significantly different between diabetic and reference subjects.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE —Diabetes, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and aging are associated with endothelial dysfunction in various vasculatures. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the renal vasculature cannot be easily assessed, but infusion of l-arginine, the substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) in humans. We have examined the effect of l-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Twenty-three elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (age, 65 ± 6 years; HbA 1c , 7.8 ± 1.6%) with coexisting arterial hypertension (158 ± 19/83 ± 11 mmHg) and elevated cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, 215 ± 33 mg/dl) were examined. These patients were compared with a young and healthy reference group ( n = 20; age, 26 ± 2 years). The effect of l-arginine infusion (100 mg/kg over 30 min) on RPF and glomerular filtration rate were measured using the constant input clearance technique with p -aminohippurate and inulin, respectively. RESULTS —l-Arginine infusion similarly influenced renal hemodynamics in patients and reference subjects: RPF increased by 7 ± 11 and 7 ± 11% in diabetic and reference subjects, respectively ( P = NS). Other parameters of renal hemodynamics such as glomerular filtration rate (5 ± 5 vs. 4 ± 4%) and filtration fraction (−1 ± 8 vs. −1 ± 9%) were not significantly different between diabetic and reference subjects, too. CONCLUSIONS —l-Arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not different between a group of hypertensive diabetic patients and a young, healthy reference group. These data were obtained using low-dose l-arginine infusion.
17 citations
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TL;DR: The hypertension paradox was described over 10 years ago to stress the growing incidence of hypertension despite the availability of safe, effective, and inexpensive drug therapies and how these effects might complement drug therapy.
Abstract: The hypertension paradox was described over 10 years ago to stress the growing incidence of hypertension despite the availability of safe, effective, and inexpensive drug therapies. Multiple factors contribute to the hypertension paradox, including lack of patient awareness and education, failure to adhere to prescribed lifestyle changes and prescribed drug regimens, aging societal demographics, and recent recommendations for lowered blood pressure goals. Hence, a rationale exists for procedural-based therapy options that could augment drug therapy regimens and help more patients achieve and sustain blood pressure goals. Percutaneous renal denervation has gained continued scientific and clinical interest due to its proven impact on autonomic function, likely because of both efferent and afferent mechanisms affecting the renal nerves. Clinical evidence suggests a strong association between renal denervation and reduced indices of sympathetic tone including muscle sympathetic nerve activity and renal norepinephrine spillover. Historically, surgical sympathetic denervation was shown to improve mortality, independent of its effect on blood pressure. In 2014, the randomized sham-controlled SYMPLICTY HTN-3 trial reported blood pressure drops in the renal denervation-treated group which were nearly matched by those in the sham control group. More recently however, 3 new multicenter, international, prospective, randomized, shamcontrolled clinical trials have demonstrated lower blood pressure after catheter-based renal denervation in uncontrolled hypertensive patients in both the presence and absence of concomitant drug therapy, confirming the biological proof of principle. These trials have rekindled scientific and clinical interest in the procedure and have also revealed interesting new insights into the 24-hour profile of blood pressure reduction associated with the therapy. This review highlights the 24-hour circadian pattern of blood pressure lowering after renal denervation and hypothesize how these effects might complement drug therapy. 24-Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring: Toward Perfect Control The advent of 24-hour ambulatory monitoring has allowed consideration of blood pressure as a continuous and dynamic circadian physiological signal, especially highlighting the unique blood pressure characteristics of the nighttime and early morning period. Thus, blood pressure control has been more meaningfully redefined relative to specific times of day (Figure 1). Circadian blood pressure variability is a direct reflection of the relative integrity of the autonomic nervous system which modulates its behavior. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated that elevated nighttime blood pressure is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk than daytime or office blood pressure. Furthermore, 24-hour blood pressure patterns distinguish between different hypertension phenotypes including white coat, masked and sustained hypertension as well as identifying abnormal nighttime dipping patterns. Recently, an analysis of the Spanish Ambulatory Blood Pressure registry with >60 000 patients enrolled, indicated that white-coat hypertension, defined by an out of office 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure lower than goal blood pressure and in-office blood pressure that was above goal in unmedicated patients, was associated with increased mortality, and that masked hypertension was associated with a greater risk of death than sustained hypertension. Indeed, out of office ambulatory (ABPM) or home blood pressure measurement is now recommended to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and, in the case of home blood pressure measurement, to monitor therapy efficacy in both the United States and European Hypertension Guidelines. Despite these recommendations, ABPM monitoring is used relatively rarely in clinic to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension, even among patients treated by hypertension specialists. Likewise, only recently has ambulatory blood pressure become the focus end point for clinical trials. Ideal blood pressure control includes 24-hour control, adequate circadian rhythm, and appropriate
17 citations
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TL;DR: An analysis of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms suggests the presence of multiple interacting pathogenic factors in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and disparate rates of reduction with various antihypertensive drugs point to the existence of blood pressure-independent factors influencing reduction of LVH.
17 citations
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TL;DR: In those older than age 50, systolic blood pressure of greater than 140 mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP, and hypertension will be controlled only if patients are motivated to stay on their treatment plan.
Abstract: The National High Blood Pressure Education Program presents the complete Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Like its predecessors, the purpose is to provide an evidence-based approach to the prevention and management of hypertension. The key messages of this report are these: in those older than age 50, systolic blood pressure (BP) of greater than 140 mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, CVD risk doubles for each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; those who are normotensive at 55 years of age will have a 90% lifetime risk of developing hypertension; prehypertensive individuals (systolic BP 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80-89 mm Hg) require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent the progressive rise in blood pressure and CVD; for uncomplicated hypertension, thiazide diuretic should be used in drug treatment for most, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes; this report delineates specific high-risk conditions that are compelling indications for the use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); two or more antihypertensive medications will be required to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg) for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease; for patients whose BP is more than 20 mm Hg above the systolic BP goal or more than 10 mm Hg above the diastolic BP goal, initiation of therapy using two agents, one of which usually will be a thiazide diuretic, should be considered; regardless of therapy or care, hypertension will be controlled only if patients are motivated to stay on their treatment plan. Positive experiences, trust in the clinician, and empathy improve patient motivation and satisfaction. This report serves as a guide, and the committee continues to recognize that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.
14,975 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a randomized controlled trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly people was presented. But the authors did not discuss the effect of the combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension.
Abstract: ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization
### 1.1 Principles
The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …
14,173 citations
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TL;DR: Authors/Task Force Members: Piotr Ponikowski* (Chairperson) (Poland), Adriaan A. Voors* (Co-Chair person) (The Netherlands), Stefan D. Anker (Germany), Héctor Bueno (Spain), John G. F. Cleland (UK), Andrew J. S. Coats (UK)
13,400 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, Anderson et al. proposed a new FAHA Chair, Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect, Alice K. Jacobs et al., this article and Biykem Bozkurt.
11,386 citations
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TL;DR: 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension : The Task Force for the management of Arterspertension of the European Society ofhypertension (ESH) and of theEuropean Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Abstract: 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension : The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
9,932 citations