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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The DSM-III: Culture-Bound or Construct-Bound? The Syndromes and DSMIII: Sorting the culture-Bound Syndrome as discussed by the authors, is a collection of disorders that are either culture-bound or construct-bound.
Abstract: Culture-Bound or Construct-Bound? The Syndromes and DSM-III.- Sorting the Culture-Bound Syndromes.- I: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric Interest in which some Evidence Supports the Hypothesis of a Neurophysiological Shaping Factor.- A. The Startle Matching Taxon.- The Resolution of the Latah Paradox.- Paradox Lost: The Latah Problem Revisited.- Latah II - Problems with a Purely Symbolic Interpretation: A Reply to Michael G. Kenny.- Shamans and Imu: Among Two Ainu Groups - Toward a Cross-Cultural Model of Interpretation.- Commentary.- B. The Sleep Paralysis Taxon.- Uqamairineq and Uqumanigianiq: Eskimo Sleep Paralysis.- The Old Hag Phenomenon as Sleep Paralysis: A Biocultural Interpretation.- Commentary.- II: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric Interest in which a Neurophysiological Shaping Factor is only Suspected.- A. The Genital Retraction Taxon.- Koro - A Cultural Disease.- Koro in a Nigerian Male Patient: A Case Report.- The Koro Pattern of Depersonalization in an American Schizophrenic Patient.- Indigenous Koro, A Genital Retraction Syndrome of Insular Southeast Asia: A Critical Review.- Commentary.- B. The Sudden Mass Assault Taxon.- Ethno-Behaviorism and the Culture-Bound Syndromes: The Case of Amok.- Sudden Mass Assault with Grenade: An Epidemic Amok Form from Laos.- The Amok Syndrome in Papua and New Guinea.- Amok.- Commentary.- C. The Running Taxon.- Pibloktoq (Hysteria) Among the Polar Eskimo: An Ethnopsychiatric Study.- Grisi Siknis in Miskito Culture.- The Transformation of Arctic Hysteria.- Commentary.- III: Folk Illnesses Usually Listed as Culture-Bound Psychiatric Syndromes which should Probably No Longer be so Considered.- A. The Fright Illness Taxon.- The Folk Illness Called Susto.- Saladera - A Culture-Bound Misfortune Syndrome in the Peruvian Amazon.- Lanti, Illness by Fright Among Bisayan Filipinos.- Mogo Laya, A New Guinea Fright Illness.- Commentary.- B. The Cannibal Compulsion Taxon.- Windigo Psychosis: The Anatomy of an Emic-Etic Confusion.- Commentaries and Replies.- Commentary.- Append.- Glossary of 'Culture-Bound' or Folk Psychiatric Syndromes.- Charles C. Hughes.- List of Contributors.- to the Index.
191 citations
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TL;DR: A review of ethnographic and cross-cultural studies on emotion lexicons, the emotions inferred from facial expressions, and dimensions implicit in comparative judgments of emotions indicated both similarities and differences in how the emotions are categorized in different languages and cultures.
Abstract: Some writers assume--and others deny--that all human beings distinguish emotions from nonemotions and divide the emotions into happiness, anger, fear, and so on. A review of ethnographic and cross-cultural studies on (a) emotion lexicons, (b) the emotions inferred from facial expressions, and (c) dimensions implicit in comparative judgments of emotions indicated both similarities and differences in how the emotions are categorized in different languages and cultures. Five hypotheses are reviewed: (a) Basic categories of emotion are pancultural, subordinate categories culture specific; (b) emotional focal points are pancultural, boundaries culture specific; (c) emotion categories evolved from a single primitive category of physiological arousal; (d) most emotion categories are culture specific but can be defined by pancultural semantic primitives; and (e) an emotion category is a script with both culture-specific and pancultural components.
979 citations
TL;DR: Interest in "the emotional" has burgeoned in the last decade, not only in anthropology, but also in psychology (e.g., the authors ), sociology (i.e., 5, 77,113, 141), philosophy (i.,e., 72, 81), history (i, e.g. 153, 177), and feminist studies (e., e.,g. 176), in response to dissatisfaction with the dominant cognitive view of humans as mechanical "information processors", renewed concern with understanding sociocultural experience from the perspective of the persons who live it
Abstract: Interest in "the emotional" has burgeoned in the last decade, not only in anthropology, but in psychology (e.g. 5, 77,113, 141), sociology (e.g. 72, 81), philosophy (e.g. 153, 177), history (e.g. 180), and feminist studies (e.g. 176). A concern to understand the role of the emotional in personal and social life has developed in response to a number of factors, including dissatisfaction with the dominant cognitive view of humans as mechanical "information processors," renewed concern with understanding sociocultural experience from the perspective of the persons who live it, and the rise of interpretive approaches to social science that are more apt to examine what has previously been considered an inchoate phenomenon. The past relegation of emotions to the sidt:unes of culture theory is an artifact of the view that they occupy the more natural and biological provinces of human experience, and hence are seen as relatively uniform, uninteresting, and inaccessible to the methods of cultural analysis. In going beyond its original psychobiological framework to include concern with emotion's social relational, communicative, and cultural aspects, emotion theory has taken on new importance for sociocultural theory proper. These cultural approaches have made it possible for a broad range of anthropologists, including those traditionally hostile to "the psychological," to sustain an interest in emotion so construed.
929 citations
TL;DR: Over the last ten years a new approach to psychiatric knowledge has developed under the influence of social anthropology, its origins, assumptions, methods, achievements, and limitations are reviewed.
Abstract: Over the last ten years a new approach to psychiatric knowledge has developed under the influence of social anthropology. Its origins, assumptions, methods, achievements, and limitations are reviewed.
317 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the main themes of the field of social psychology, focusing on the following: 1) Inclusion and exclusion, 2) Inclusions and Exclusions, 3) Conception of the Field, 4), Inclusions, and 5) Conclusion, and 6) Conclusion.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 493 Conception of the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Focus: Inclusions and Exclusions . . . . . ..... 495 DOMAINS OF CROSS·CULTURAL PSy CHOLOGy.. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Theory and Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Biology and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Perception and Cognition . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Social Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... 500 Values and A ttitudes . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Personality in Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Gender Issues. . . . . 504 Human Development and Child·Rearing . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Mental Health and Therapy . . . . 5 1 1 Ethnic Psychology and Acculturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Work and Organizational Psychology ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 NEW DIRECTIONS . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . ....... . ... . ....... . . . 515 Individualism and Collectivism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Indigenous Psychologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .... 518 Towards Universals . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 519
287 citations
TL;DR: With improved study design and reporting using guidelines such as the SAQOR-CPE, CCD research can enhance detection of mental health problems, reduce cultural biases in diagnostic criteria and increase cultural salience of intervention trial outcomes.
Abstract: Background Burgeoning global mental health endeavors have renewed debates about cultural applicability of psychiatric categories. This study’s goal is to review strengths and limitations of literature comparing psychiatric categories with cultural concepts of distress (CCD) such as cultural syndromes, culture-bound syndromes, and idioms of distress.
Methods The Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research (SAQOR) was adapted based on cultural psychiatry principles to develop a Cultural Psychiatry Epidemiology version (SAQOR-CPE), which was used to rate quality of quantitative studies comparing CCD and psychiatric categories. A meta-analysis was performed for each psychiatric category.
Results Forty-five studies met inclusion criteria, with 18 782 unique participants. Primary objectives of the studies included comparing CCD and psychiatric disorders (51%), assessing risk factors for CCD (18%) and instrument validation (16%). Only 27% of studies met SAQOR-CPE criteria for medium quality, with the remainder low or very low quality. Only 29% of studies employed representative samples, 53% used validated outcome measures, 44% included function assessments and 44% controlled for confounding. Meta-analyses for anxiety, depression, PTSD and somatization revealed high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). Only general psychological distress had low heterogeneity (I2 = 8%) with a summary effect odds ratio of 5.39 (95% CI 4.71-6.17). Associations between CCD and psychiatric disorders were influenced by methodological issues, such as validation designs (β = 16.27, 95%CI 12.75-19.79) and use of CCD multi-item checklists (β = 6.10, 95%CI 1.89-10.31). Higher quality studies demonstrated weaker associations of CCD and psychiatric disorders.
Conclusions Cultural concepts of distress are not inherently unamenable to epidemiological study. However, poor study quality impedes conceptual advancement and service application. With improved study design and reporting using guidelines such as the SAQOR-CPE, CCD research can enhance detection of mental health problems, reduce cultural biases in diagnostic criteria and increase cultural salience of intervention trial outcomes.
217 citations