Showing papers by "Roy F. Baumeister published in 1986"
Book•
10 Apr 1986
TL;DR: In this article, Baumeister draws on a wealth of historical, cultural, philosophical, literary, and psychological evidence - from the birth of the hidden self shortly after medieval times, to the present preoccupation with selfhood -to describe the stages by which contemporary men and women encounter and resolve crises in identity.
Abstract: After delineating his theory of identity, Professor Baumeister draws on a wealth of historical, cultural, philosophical, literary, and psychological evidence - from the birth of the 'hidden self' shortly after medieval times, to the present preoccupation with selfhood - to describe the stages by which contemporary men and women encounter and resolve crises in identity. The result is a fascinating and scholarly history of identity in western culture, framed by a major new psychological theory. Psychologists and psychology students.
491 citations
TL;DR: Paradoxical performance effects (choking under pressure) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance as discussed by the authors, and the theories that may explain them are reviewed.
Abstract: Paradoxical performance effects (‘choking under pressure’) are defined as the occurrence of inferior performance despite striving and incentives for superior performance. Experimental demonstrations of these effects on tasks analogous to athletic performance and the theories that may explain them are reviewed. At present, attentional theories seem to offer the most complete explanation of the processes underlying paradoxical performance effects. In particular, choking may result from distraction or from the interference of self-focused attention with the execution of automatic responses. Experimental findings of paradoxical performance decrements are associated with four pressure variables: audience presence, competition, performance-contingent rewards and punishments, and ego relevance of the task. The mediating factors of task complexity, expectancies, and individual differences are discussed.
440 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the association between newscasters' facial expressions and the voting behavior of viewers and found that voters who regularly watched the newscaster who exhibited the biased facial expressions were significantly more likely to vote for the candidate that newscast had smiled upon.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to examine the association between newscasters' facial expressions and the voting behavior of viewers. Study 1 examined the facial expressions exhibited by network newscasters while referring to the 1984 presidential candidates prior to the election. Results indicated that one of the three newscasters exhibited significantly more positive facial expressions when referring to Reagan than when referring to Mondale. Study 2 consisted of a telephone survey conducted to determine whether voting behavior was associated with the nightly news program watched. It was found that voters who regularly watched the newscaster who exhibited the biased facial expressions were significantly more likely to vote for the candidate that newscaster had smiled upon. Discussion considered possible explanations for, and implications of, this association between biases in newscasters' facial expressions and viewers' voting behavior.
81 citations