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Showing papers by "Roy F. Baumeister published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation, and people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds.
Abstract: A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

17,492 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored interpersonal and action-control aspects of guilt and found that feeling guilty was associated with higher rates of learning lessons, changing subsequent behavior, apologizing, confessing the transgression, and recognizing how a relationship partner's standards and expectations differ from one's own.
Abstract: Two studies explored interpersonal and action-control aspects of guilt. Both spontaneous and partner-induced guilt were studied using first-person accounts of interpersonal transgressions and guilt manipulations. Guilt was associated with transgressions against valued partners in close relationships, especially involving interpersonal neglect, unfilled obligations, and selfish actions. Feeling guilty was associated with higher rates of learning lessons, changing subsequent behavior, apologizing, confessing the transgression, and recognizing how a relationship partner's standards and expectations differ from one's own. Inducing guilt also appears to be a costly but effective way of influencing the behavior of relationship partners. The results support the view of guilt as a mechanism that alters behavior in the service of maintaining good interpersonal relationships.

419 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Guilt was positively correlated with aversive arousal states and negatively correlated with pleasant, relaxed states as mentioned in this paper, with the exception that thinking about self in relation to others was associated with especially high frequencies of guilt.
Abstract: Study 1 examined everyday guilt with an experience sampling method. Mild guilt feelings were common in this adult sample, although strong or severe guilt feelings were rare. Guilt feelings were positively correlated with aversive arousal states and were negatively correlated with pleasant, relaxed states. Guilt feelings were fairly evenly distributed across a broad range of activities and thought patterns, with the exception that thinking about self in relation to others was associated with especially high frequencies of guilt. Guilt was linked to social distress, such as interpersonal conflict, rejection, and loneliness, as well as to feelings of uncertainty. In Study 2, guilt was found to be more linked to interpersonal circumstances and close relationships than a variety of other negative affective states. The results generally support theoretical views of guilt as relevant to action control and interpersonal relations.

101 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that public accounts contained many references to receiving help from other people, whereas private accounts were relatively devoid of such acknowledgements, and that expressions of gratitude and other references to external help may often be a superficial concession to self-presentational norms, expectations, and other interpersonal factors' that restrict the typical operation of self-serving biases.
Abstract: Subjects furnished public or private accounts of major recent success experiences. Public accounts contained many references to receiving help from other people, whereas private accounts were relatively devoid of such acknowledgements. Thus, expressions of gratitude and other references to external help may often be a superficial concession to self-presentational norms, expectations, and other interpersonal factors' that restrict the typical operation of self-serving biases.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Schlenker et al. as discussed by the authors found that home teams perform unusually badly (choke) when on the verge of winning a championship, but their main findings did not differ significantly from previous work that supported the ''home-choke'' hypothesis; they merely found that the erect dropped below significance.
Abstract: New data led B. R. Schlenker, S. T. Phillips, K. A. Boniecki, and D. R. Schlenker (1995) to question whether home teams perform unusually badly (choke) when on the verge of winning a championship. Despite the new data, their main findings did not differ significantly from previous work that supported the «home-choke» hypothesis; they merely found that the erect dropped below significance. Their new data were confounded by a rule change favoring home teams. Their analysis omitted many games in which home teams apparently choked and lost. Also, their null findings did not justify strong conclusions. On the positive side, their new data on timing of errors did shed new light on and suggest modifications of previous theory. Implications regarding archival research are discussed

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Transcendence, defined as the capacity to perceive the immediate stimulus environment in relation to long-range or abstract concerns, is a key aspect of self-control, and indeed self-regulation often breaks down because attention becomes focused exclusively on the immediate stimuli (i.e., transcendence fails).
Abstract: Transcendence, defined as the capacity to perceive the immediate stimulus environment in relation to long-range or abstract concerns, is a key aspect of self-control, and indeed self-regulation often breaks down because attention becomes focused exclusively on the immediate stimuli (i.e., transcendence fails). Factors that restrict attention to the here and now will weaken self-control, whereas factors that promote transcendence will enhance it. Guilt may be one example of the latter.

7 citations