Author
Ruan M. Elliott
Other affiliations: University of British Columbia, Technische Universität München, Norwich University ...read more
Bio: Ruan M. Elliott is an academic researcher from University of Surrey. The author has contributed to research in topics: DNA repair & DNA damage. The author has an hindex of 26, co-authored 67 publications receiving 2684 citations. Previous affiliations of Ruan M. Elliott include University of British Columbia & Technische Universität München.
Topics: DNA repair, DNA damage, Nutrigenomics, Vitamin, Vitamin D and neurology
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: The increases in circulating GLP-1(7-36)amide and GIP levels following carbohydrate or a mixed meal are consistent with their role as incretins, and the more sustained rises observed in the daytime during the 24-h study are inconsistent with an anabolic role in lipid metabolism.
Abstract: The acute effects of different macronutrients on the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1(7-36)amide) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were compared in healthy human subjects. Circulating levels of the two hormones were measured over a 24-h period during which subjects consumed a mixed diet. In the first study, eight subjects consumed three equicaloric (375 kcal) test meals of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Small increases in plasma GLP-1(7-36) amide were found after all meals. Levels reached a maximum 30 min after the carbohydrate and 150 min after the fat load. Ingestion of both carbohydrate and fat induced substantial rises in GIP secretion, but the protein meal had no effect. In a second study, eight subjects consumed 75 g glucose or the equivalent portion of complex carbohydrate as boiled brown rice or barley. Plasma GIP, insulin and glucose levels increased after all three meals, the largest increase being observed following glucose and the smallest following the barley meal. Plasma GLP-1(7-36)amide levels rose only following the glucose meal. In the 24-h study, plasma GLP-1(7-36)amide and GIP concentrations were increased following every meal and remained elevated throughout the day, only falling to fasting levels at night. The increases in circulating GLP-1(7-36)amide and GIP levels following carbohydrate or a mixed meal are consistent with their role as incretins. The more sustained rises observed in the daytime during the 24-h study are consistent with an anabolic role in lipid metabolism.
696 citations
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TL;DR: The role of mitochondrial GSH in the defence against oxidative damage and the importance of reporter mice as tools in antioxidant research are highlighted.
237 citations
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University of California, Davis1, Tufts University2, University of Auckland3, Children's Hospital Oakland4, University of Alabama at Birmingham5, University of Illinois at Chicago6, University of Toronto7, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev8, Nestlé9, University of Guelph10, Lancaster University11, French Institute of Health and Medical Research12, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences13, University of Valencia14, Technische Universität München15, University of California, Berkeley16, University of Virginia17, Norwich University18, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory19, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation20, Villanova University21, Trinity College, Dublin22, Pennsylvania State University23, Novum24, Chinese Academy of Sciences25, Yonsei University26, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital27, Cargill28, Northwestern University29, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich30, Newcastle University31, National Research Council32, National Institutes of Health33, Wageningen University and Research Centre34, International Trademark Association35, University of Eastern Finland36, Maastricht University37, Singapore General Hospital38, Wright State University39, University of Liverpool40, University of London41, Princeton University42, University of California, San Francisco43, National Center for Toxicological Research44, University of Paris45
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient-genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations.
Abstract: Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene-nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient-genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.
168 citations
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TL;DR: Microarrays were employed to analyze gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared from serial blood samples that had been obtained, at weekly intervals, from apparently healthy human volunteers, to provide evidence that the gene transcription profiles of sampled tissues can be comparatively stable over time.
Abstract: The normal degree of intra- and interindividual variation in gene transcription profiles of healthy human tissues has not been extensively investigated. In the study described here, microarrays were employed to analyze gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared from serial blood samples that had been obtained, at weekly intervals, from apparently healthy human volunteers. Transcript levels for the majority of genes examined were found to be remarkably consistent within samples from a single donor. Conversely, marked differences were observed in samples obtained from different donors. Genes that exhibited differential expression dependent on sex, age, body mass index, and the presence of varying proportions of different leukocyte subsets were identified. These results emphasize the important contributions of genetic and environmental factors, as well as varying representation of different cell types, in determining the overall gene transcriptional profiles of human tissues. However, the study also provides evidence that, within an individual, the gene transcription profiles of sampled tissues can be comparatively stable over time.
159 citations
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TL;DR: Diet has a substantial impact on chronic disease and health, and functional genomic techniques could allow the bioactivities of food constituents to be defined, and characterisation of such gene polymorphisms will enable targeting of nutritional advice and treatment to “at risk” groups.
Abstract: The link between diet and health is well established, but renewed interest in which dietary components are biologically active and how they exert their effects is being fuelled by the development of nutritional genomics. Nutritional genomics is the application of high throughput functional genomic technologies in nutrition research. These technologies can be integrated with databases of genomic sequences1 and inter-individual genetic variability,2 enabling the process of gene expression to be studied for many thousands of different genes in parallel. Such techniques can facilitate the definition of optimal nutrition at the level of populations, particular groups, and individuals. This in turn should promote the development of food derived treatments and funtionally enhanced foods to improve health.
This review discusses both the science and its potential.
Summary points
Diet has a substantial impact on chronic disease and health, and functional genomic techniques could allow the bioactivities of food constituents to be defined
Definition of these activities will allow improvement in health through dietary modification and fortification, novel foods, and “nutraceuticals”
Challenges lie in the optimal design of nutritional studies and in the effective manipulation of the vast datasets generated
It is now possible to define gene polymorphisms that predispose individuals to disease and modify nutritional requirements
Characterisation of such gene polymorphisms will enable targeting of nutritional advice and treatment to “at risk” groups
110 citations
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TL;DR: It is suggested that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units, outpatients, and referrals to social services, but for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services.
Abstract: admission. This proportion could already be greater in some parts of the country and may increase if referrals of cases of self-poisoning increase faster than the facilities for their assessment and management. The provision of social work and psychiatric expertise in casualty departments may be one means of preventing unnecessary medical admissions without risk to the patients. Dr Blake's and Dr Bramble's figures do not demonstrate, however, that any advantage would attach to medical teams taking over assessment from psychiatrists except that, by implication, assessments would be completed sooner by staff working on the ward full time. What the figures actually suggest is that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units (by 19°U), outpatients (by 5O°'), and referrals to social services (by 140o). So for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services. The study does not tell us what the consequences would have been for the six patients who the psychiatrists would have admitted but to whom the house doctors would have offered outpatient appointments. E J SALTER
4,497 citations
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the mechanisms regulating the synthesis, secretion, biological actions, and therapeutic relevance of the incretin peptides glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
3,103 citations
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TL;DR: The main actions of GLP-1 are to stimulate insulin secretion and to inhibit glucagon secretion, thereby contributing to limit postprandial glucose excursions and acts as an enterogastrone and part of the "ileal brake" mechanism.
Abstract: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the intestinal epithelial endocrine L-cells by differential processing of proglucagon, the gene which is expressed in ...
2,657 citations
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate that metal oxide nanoparticles induce a range of biological responses that vary from cytotoxic to cytoprotective and can only be properly understood by using a tiered test strategy such as that developed for oxidative stress and adapted to study other aspects of nanoparticle toxicity.
Abstract: Nanomaterials (NM) exhibit novel physicochemical properties that determine their interaction with biological substrates and processes. Three metal oxide nanoparticles that are currently being produced in high tonnage, TiO2, ZnO, and CeO2, were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis process and compared in a mechanistic study to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics that determine cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and toxic effects based on a test paradigm that was originally developed for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cell lines. ZnO induced toxicity in both cells, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant injury, excitation of inflammation, and cell death. Using ICP-MS and fluorescent-labeled ZnO, it is found that ZnO dissolution could happen in culture medium and endosomes. Nondissolved ZnO nanoparticles enter caveolae in BEAS-2B but enter lysosomes in RAW 264.7 cells in which smaller particle remnants dissolve. In contrast, fluoresce...
2,206 citations
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TL;DR: O Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
Abstract: The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
2,017 citations