A literature review was conducted to summarize information, particularly recently published, on the biology of Rafflesia .  By far most of the recent papers on Rafflesia have named new species.  Since 2002, ten species have been discovered in the Philippines compared to three species in Indonesia.  Recent work also has explored phylogenetics (e.g. evolutionary history of the genus and of floral gigantism, horizontal transfer of genes and loss of the chloroplast genome) and anatomy (e.g. endophyte, flower development); other studies have focused on biochemistry.  Unfortunately, we still know very little about the life cycle, biology and ecological relations of Rafflesia .  Population declines have been noted as related to habitat destruction or natural disturbances but other times the cause(s) are unknown. Questions remain unanswered on its reproductive biology and on its population genetic structure and diversity.  With changing climates, long-term population studies in relation to environmental parameters are needed for Rafflesia conservation.

A review of the biology of rafflesia: what do we know and what’s next?

Structural characterization and osteoprotective effects of a novel oligo-glucomannan obtained from the rhizome of Cibotium barometz by alkali extraction

Fertilizer is one of the most important needs for plants. Fertilizing can be done by using inorganic fertilizers or organic fertilizers. Long term fertilizing by using inorganic fertilizers without adding the organic matter could potentially reduce soil fertility and lead to not optimal growth of the plant. This study aims to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from rabbit urine, NPK fertilizer, and the combination of both fertilizers on the growth of bok choy, and to determine the best fertilizer dosage for the growth of bok choy. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 2 factors, the dose of rabbit urine LOF and dose of NPK fertilizer; 4 dosage levels each in triplicates. Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by DMRT Test. The results indicates that the application of LOF made from rabbit urine, NPK fertilizer, and the combination of both fertilizers increases  plant height, leaves number, leaf area, wet weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll total of bok choy. DMRT (a 5%) test shows the best dosage applied for enhancing growth parameter are 6 ml of LOF plus 0,4 gram of NPK for plant height, wet weight, and dry weight, the 4 ml of LOF plus 0,6 gram of NPK for leaves number and leaf area, and the 4 ml of LOF plus 0,4 gram NPK for chlorophyll total.

/pdf/the-effect-of-liquid-organic-fertilizer-lof-made-from-rabbit-1wo8ukndh6.pdf

The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) Made from Rabbit Urine and NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L. Subsp. chinensis)

Processed fruit from pineapple is one of largest commodities tropical fruit production in Indonesia and will bring the waste from the skin and core. This study aims to isolate bromelain from the pineapple core (Ananas comusus) are purified by fractionation using ethanol and continued by activity test as an antiplatelets agent by in vivo method using white mice male ddy type with acetosal as positive control. Fractionation of crude enzyme bromelain with ethanol produces highest specific activity on ethanol 30-60% fraction (fraction 2) 3.107 Unit/mg and the protein content 61.25 mg with the degree of purity of 155 times compared to crude enzyme. Antiplatelet aggregation tests from in vivo method shows that faction of bromelain with doses 70 μg/KgBW, 140 μg/KgBW, and 210 μg/KgBW can increase a meaningful bleeding time. The highest percentage of increase shown by the isolate at a dose of 210 μg/KgBW in the amount of 515.10 ± 182.23%, when compared to aspirin (231.20 ± 140.66), the value is relatively higher.

In Vivo antiplatelet activity aggregation assay of bromelain fractionate by ethanol from extract pineapple core (Ananas comosus [l.] merr.)

Mudiana D. 2016. Syzygium diversity in Gunung Baung, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 733-740. Syzygium (Myrtaceae) consists of a lot of species which are widely distributed. One of the distribution areas is the Natural Park of Gunung Baung (TWA Gunung Baung) in Pasuruan, East Java. The results of exploration and characterization of known species show that there are six species of Syzygium known to grow in this region namely S. cumini, S. littorale, S. pycnanthum, S. polyanthum, S. racemosum, and S. samarangense. S. pycnanthum is the most frequently found in Gunung Baung. S. polyanthum and S. samarangense are the only species that are known to be cultivated. Four other species are wild and have not been explored for their potential utilization.

/pdf/syzygium-diversity-in-gunung-baung-east-java-indonesia-2npkv8xmpf.pdf

Syzygium diversity in Gunung Baung, East Java, Indonesia

Lansium domesticum Corr. with vernacular name in Indonesian duku has been reported containing therapeutic bioactive compounds, and some of these compounds shown to be potent antitumor, anticancer, antimalaria, antimelanogenesis, antibacteria, and antimutagenic activities. This plant is commonly known as duku, kokosan and langsat by the local community in Indonesia. The morphological appearance of all varieties is nearly the same, and identifi cation of the varieties is very diffi cult for growers. Variation of DNA sequences of the ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) region can be used as a molecular character to determine the phylogenetic relationship of different varieties of L. domesticum. The aims of this study were to determine taxonomy status of duku, kokosan, and langsat, also phylogenetic relationship among varieties of L. domesticum based on ITS rDNA sequencing. DNA was isolated from leaves of plant and then amplifi ed using F1 and R1 primers. Nucleotide sequences were identifi ed using Sequence Scanner Software Programm version 1.0, nucleotide sequences from 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and 26S region, that has been mergered using EditSeq and SegMan in software Suite for Sequence Analysis DNASTAR Lasergene DM version 3.0.25. The results of study showed that DNA fragments ranging in size from 782-810 bp. Different pattern of DNA fragments indicated polymorphism among duku, kokosan, and langsat. Based on the results of the ITS rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. It was determined that Lansium and Aglaia are a separated genus with the similarity index value of 0.98. Duku, kokosan and langsat were divided into two cluster, namely cluster kokosan-langsat and cluster duku with the similarity index value of 0.996. Keywords : Phylogenetic relationship, ITS region, L. domesticum, duku, kokosan, langsat

https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/article/download/7875/6116

The Phylogenetic Relationship Among Varieties of Lansium domesticum Correa Based on ITS rDNA Sequences

Pratami, MP Chikmawati T, Rugayah. 2019. Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L.. Biodiversitas 20: 211-217. Mukia Arn. is closely related to Cucumis L. based on molecular data, nevertheless, they have high morphological differences resulting in different opinion on taxonomical status of the two genera. Mukia Arn. has many similarities in pollen and leaf anatomical characters to Cucumis L., but both genera differ in seven seed characters, i.e color, shape, size, surface pattern, seed edge, transverse section at seed neck, and the markings of the inner seed coat surface. So, based on seed characteristics, Mukia Arn. is separated from Cucumis L.Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, leaf anatomy, Malesia

/pdf/short-communication-further-morphological-evidence-for-2dzxsba9u1.pdf

Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L.

Praptosuwiryo TNg, Pribadi DO, Rugayah. 2015. Growth, development and morphology of gametophytes of golden chicken fern (Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm.) in natural media. Biodiversitas 16: 303-310. The golden chicken fern, Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm., is an important export commodity for both traditional and modern medicine. To understand the reproductive biology of thisspecies, spore germination, gametophyte development, morphological variation, and sex expression were studied by sowing spores onsterilized natural media consisting of the minced roots of Cyathea contaminans and charcoaled rice husks (1: 1) mix. Spores ofC. barometz are trilete, tri-radially symmetrical, non chlorophyllous, and golden-yellow with a perine. Six stages of gametophytedevelopment (rhizoid stage, rhizoid/protochorm stage, filament stage, spatulate stage, young heart stage, mature heart stage) wereobserved between 24-45 days after sowing. Spore germination of C. barometz is Vittaria-type. Prothallial development of C. barometz isDrynaria-type. Five morphological types of adult gametophyte were recorded: (i) irregular spatulate shape (male), (ii) fan shape (male),(iii) elongated heart-shape (male), (iv) short heart or butterfly shape (female), and (v) normal heart shape (bisexual). The presence ofmorphological variations is presumed to be related to the population density, which significantly affects the sexual expression ofgametophytes. The variation of sex expression in C. barometz also indicates that this species may has a mixed mating systems thatresulted in genetic diversity within population and among populations.

/pdf/growth-development-and-morphology-of-gametophytes-of-golden-2zi291fdwh.pdf

Growth, development and morphology of gametophytes of golden chicken fern (Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm.) in natural media

Kedawung is a member of the plant genus of Parkia (Mimosaceae). It has important value as traditional medicine and currently has been included in the Indonesian list of endangered medicinal plant species. There are two closely related species to Kedawung in Java: P. intermedia and P. speciosa. Parkia intermedia has long been assumed to be a hybrid between P. speciosa and P. timoriana. The species has leaflets linear-oblong and obtuse apex in mature foliage resemble P. speciosa, but has more numerous leaflets, linear-falcate, and acute apex in its juvenile leaflets similar to P. timoriana. Thus Hopkins (1992) included Petir as uncertain species. The aim of this study was to assess its current existing populations, to clarify the taxonomic status and to evaluate the similarity between kedawung and its related species. Exploration, morphology and leaf anatomical studies, as well as phenetic analysis have been conducted. The results indicated that morphology and leaf anatomical characters can be used to distinguish P. timoriana, P. intermedia and P. speciosa as different species, and P. intermedia was more closely related to P. speciosa than to P. timoriana.

/pdf/kedawung-parkia-timoriana-dan-kerabatnya-di-jawa-petir-p-4zoepjk9x4.pdf

KEDAWUNG (Parkia timoriana) DAN KERABATNYA DI JAWA; PETIR (P. intermedia) DAN PETAI (P. speciosa)

RUGAYAH & SUNARTI, S. 2008. Two new wild species of Averrhoa ( Oxalidaceae ) from Indonesia. Reinwardtia 12(4): 325 – 331. — Based on living collections cultivated in Bogor Botanical Gardens and several herbarium specimens kept in Herbarium Bogoriense, Averrhoa dolichocarpa Rugayah & Sunarti (from New Guinea) and A. leucopetala Rugayah & Sunarti (from North Sulawesi) are described as new species. They are compared with A. carambola L. and A. bilimbi L. the only other known species so far.

/pdf/two-new-wild-species-of-averrhoa-oxalidaceae-from-indonesia-8rx8cb9qkd.pdf

Rugayah Rugayah

Papers

The Phylogenetic Relationship Among Varieties of Lansium domesticum Correa Based on ITS rDNA Sequences

Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L.

Growth, development and morphology of gametophytes of golden chicken fern (Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm.) in natural media

KEDAWUNG (Parkia timoriana) DAN KERABATNYA DI JAWA; PETIR (P. intermedia) DAN PETAI (P. speciosa)

Two new wild species of averrhoa (oxalidaceae) from indonesia