Ruishu F. Wright

Bio: Ruishu F. Wright is an academic researcher from Leidos. The author has contributed to research in topics: Fiber optic sensor & Optical fiber. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 19 publications receiving 153 citations. Previous affiliations of Ruishu F. Wright include AECOM & United States Department of Energy.

Corrosion Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Oil and Natural Gas Infrastructure: A Review

Abstract: Corrosion has been a great concern in the oil and natural gas industry costing billions of dollars annually in the U.S. The ability to monitor corrosion online before structural integrity is compromised can have a significant impact on preventing catastrophic events resulting from corrosion. This article critically reviews conventional corrosion sensors and emerging sensor technologies in terms of sensing principles, sensor designs, advantages, and limitations. Conventional corrosion sensors encompass corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic testing sensors, magnetic flux leakage sensors, electromagnetic sensors, and in-line inspection tools. Emerging sensor technologies highlight optical fiber sensors (point, quasi-distributed, distributed) and passive wireless sensors such as passive radio-frequency identification sensors and surface acoustic wave sensors. Emerging sensors show great potential in continuous real-time in-situ monitoring of oil and natural gas infrastructure. Distributed chemical sensing is emphasized based on recent studies as a promising method to detect early corrosion onset and monitor corrosive environments for corrosion mitigation management. Additionally, challenges are discussed including durability and stability in extreme and harsh conditions such as high temperature high pressure in subsurface wellbores.

Distributed fiber optic pH sensors using sol-gel silica based sensitive materials

Abstract: Fiber optic pH sensors using either silica (SiO2) or gold nanoparticle incorporated silica (Au-SiO2) as the sensitive layers for pH monitoring are presented. A facile sol-gel dip-coating process was utilized to immobilize the SiO2 based sensitive layers on the coreless fiber. In the high pH range of ∼8−12 simulating the wellbore cement conditions, the transmission spectra at room temperature demonstrated notable sensitivity using the SiO2 based coating. The sensitivity was enhanced via either increasing the coating thickness or incorporation of Au nanoparticles. The sensitivity was 19.9 T%/pH for the 1.6 μm thick SiO2 coating and 13.4 T%/pH for the 600 nm thick Au-SiO2 coating, respectively. And these two sensors revealed good reversibility, and the response times were in the order of 10 s of seconds. No obvious chemical structure changes in SiO2 thin film were observed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis after the film was exposed to the alkaline media for 30 min. However, the sensing layers were found to become thinner due to corrosion when tested in strong alkaline solutions with the pH up to 14 for 3 days, especially for the pure SiO2 coating. The incorporation of Au nanoparticles was found to stabilize the pH sensing signals and prolong the lifetime of the pH sensitive layer. Importantly, with the coating of SiO2 based sensitive materials, spatially distributed pH sensing was enabled. The intensity of the backscattered light increased with the increasing pH values along the coated segments on the fiber optic sensors.

Fully distributed optical fiber sensor for water and humidity monitoring

Abstract: Internal corrosion can occur when aqueous electrolytes are present inside natural gas transmission pipelines. Despite upstream gas dehydration treatments, liquid water can form through condensation of water vapor or may be introduced from plant upsets. With dissolved salts and acidic gases such as CO2 and H2S, aqueous electrolytes become very corrosive with increased conductivity and lower pH. Since water provides the electrolytes that initiate and sustain corrosion, detection of water can locate the spots for potential internal corrosion inside the pipelines. In this work, a simple optical fiber-based sensor for fully distributed water monitoring has been demonstrated and studied. The system consists of an unmodified off-the-shelf single mode (SM) optical fiber and an optical backscatter reflectometer (OBR) capable of measuring the spatial profile of strain changes along the fiber. The polymer jacket coating of the SM fiber is hydroscopic and serves as the water sensing layer due to expansion/swelling from water absorption. The swelling induced strain change is interrogated with the OBR to enable fully distributed water monitoring. This strain-based H2O sensor is sensitive to H2O molecules regardless of the phase (liquid or vapor) or the surrounding media. Strain changes were measured at different relative humidity levels from 0% to 100% to demonstrate reversibility and linear correlation between humidity and strain. This sensor has the advantages of fully distributed sensing, low cost, simple preparation, easy operation, and good sensitivity.

Distributed optical fiber sensing: Review and perspective

Abstract: Over the past few decades, optical fibers have been widely deployed to implement various applications in high-speed long-distance telecommunication, optical imaging, ultrafast lasers, and optical sensors. Distributed optical fiber sensors characterized by spatially resolved measurements along a single continuous strand of optical fiber have undergone significant improvements in underlying technologies and application scenarios, representing the highest state of the art in optical sensing. This work is focused on a review of three types of distributed optical fiber sensors which are based on Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman scattering, and use various demodulation schemes, including optical time-domain reflectometry, optical frequency-domain reflectometry, and related schemes. Recent developments of various distributed optical fiber sensors to provide simultaneous measurements of multiple parameters are analyzed based on their sensing performance, revealing an inherent trade-off between performance parameters such as sensing range, spatial resolution, and sensing resolution. This review highlights the latest progress in distributed optical fiber sensors with an emphasis on energy applications such as energy infrastructure monitoring, power generation system monitoring, oil and gas pipeline monitoring, and geothermal process monitoring. This review aims to clarify challenges and limitations of distributed optical fiber sensors with the goal of providing a pathway to push the limits in distributed optical fiber sensing for practical applications.

Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2015-2019).

Abstract: High-quality optical fibers can be produced now at a low cost and large quantity, and this has further promoted the development of fiber optic (chemical) sensors. After over 30 years of innovation, fiber optic sensing technology has become mature because of acceptable costs, compact instrumentation, high accuracy and the capability of performing measurements at inaccessible sites, over large distances, in strong (electro)magnetic fields and in harsh environment. The technology is still proceeding quickly in terms of innovation, and respective applications have been found in highly diversified fields. This review covers work published in the time period between October 2015 and October 2019. It is written in continuation of previous reviews.

Corrosion Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Oil and Natural Gas Infrastructure: A Review

Abstract: Corrosion has been a great concern in the oil and natural gas industry costing billions of dollars annually in the U.S. The ability to monitor corrosion online before structural integrity is compromised can have a significant impact on preventing catastrophic events resulting from corrosion. This article critically reviews conventional corrosion sensors and emerging sensor technologies in terms of sensing principles, sensor designs, advantages, and limitations. Conventional corrosion sensors encompass corrosion coupons, electrical resistance probes, electrochemical sensors, ultrasonic testing sensors, magnetic flux leakage sensors, electromagnetic sensors, and in-line inspection tools. Emerging sensor technologies highlight optical fiber sensors (point, quasi-distributed, distributed) and passive wireless sensors such as passive radio-frequency identification sensors and surface acoustic wave sensors. Emerging sensors show great potential in continuous real-time in-situ monitoring of oil and natural gas infrastructure. Distributed chemical sensing is emphasized based on recent studies as a promising method to detect early corrosion onset and monitor corrosive environments for corrosion mitigation management. Additionally, challenges are discussed including durability and stability in extreme and harsh conditions such as high temperature high pressure in subsurface wellbores.

Electrochemical mechanisms of an advanced low-temperature fuel cell with a SrTiO 3 electrolyte

Abstract: The electrochemical mechanisms and performance of a symmetrical low-temperature SOFC with a single oxide as the electrolyte are investigated here. The fuel cell has a layered Ni foam–Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05LiO2 (NCAL)/SrTiO3(STO)/NCAL–Ni foam structure. A 0.8 mm thick layer of STO is used as the electrolyte and NCAL-coated nickel foam is used as the electrode on both sides of the cell. The maximum power densities of the cell were 0.31, 0.44, and 0.62 W cm−2 in a H2/air atmosphere at 450, 500, and 550 °C, respectively. The corresponding ionic conductivities of the STO electrolyte were 0.16, 0.21, and 0.24 S cm−1. Ion filtration experiments with densified Gd-doped CeO2/STO and SrCe0.95Y0.05O3−δ/STO double layer electrolytes indicated that both oxygen ions and protons act as charge carriers in the STO electrolyte. XPS, TGA, and HRTEM analyses indicate that lithium carbonate, which originates from the NCAL, coats the STO electrolyte and forms a core–shell structure in the fuel cell test atmosphere. Lithium carbonate between the surface and interface of the STO particles may provide a pathway for oxygen ion and proton conduction.