Ruth Linn

Bio: Ruth Linn is an academic researcher from University of Haifa. The author has contributed to research in topics: Moral development & Conscience. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 38 publications receiving 344 citations. Previous affiliations of Ruth Linn include University of British Columbia.

Conscientious Objection in Israel During the War in Lebanon

Abstract: The Lebanon war (June 1982 to June 1985) is the first one in the history of Israel that gave rise to the phenomenon of conscientious objection. Given the particularity of this phenomenon to this wa...

Injury Severity Scoring and Length of Stay in Hospital of War Casualties—Demonstration of an Association and Possible Selection Bias

Abstract: The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a widely used measure of anatomical injury. It is the sum of squares of the highest scores on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) in each of the three most severely injured body regions. This study was designed to describe the relationship between ISS and length of stay (LOS) in hospital. The ISS was independently determined by four physicians who studied 491 war casualties, excluding dead on arrival and non-trauma patients. The study demonstrates non-linear and non-homogeneous relationships between ISS and LOS. Exclusion of fatalities resulted in biased (higher) estimates of LOS among those with ISS scores of 25-66. The patients could be grouped into five categories according to their maximal AIS (MAIS): (1) Slight injury--i.e. those with injuries appropriate for AIS scores 1 or 2 that lead to an LOS of median 5 days; (2) Moderate injury--i.e. those with injuries appropriate to AIS scores of 3, with an expected median LOS of 10 days; (3) Severe injuries--i.e. those with injuries appropriate to AIS scores of 4, with expected median LOS of about 17 days; (4) Very severe injuries--i.e. those with one injury appropriate to an AIS score of 5; and (5) Multiple severe injuries--those who are severely wounded in two or more body regions, i.e. those with two or more injuries appropriate to AIS scores of 5 and 4, with a median LOS of 39 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Not Shooting and Not Crying: Psychological Inquiry into Moral Disobedience

Abstract: Introduction The Individual Conscience at War The Israeli Soldier as a Selective Conscientious Objector: Why during the War in Lebanon? The Claim for Moral Superiority The Claim for Moral Consistency Conscience in War and in "Labor War: Refusing Soldiers vis a vis Striking Physicians Morally or Politically Motivated Behavior? The Case of the Combatant Medics The Claim for Credibility Selective Conscientious Objection: An Action of Justice or Care When All Come Together Appendices Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

Identity Dynamics in Occupational Dirty Work: Integrating Social Identity and System Justification Perspectives

Abstract: Ashforth and Kreiner (1999) documented how workers in so-called “dirty work” occupations were able to overcome threats to their social identities by engaging in the cognitive tactics of ideology manipulation and social weighting. This paper expands Ashforth and Kreiner's work in three ways. First, we move beyond an exclusive focus on intense dirty work occupations by mapping the broader landscape of stigmatized work. Second, we examine how system justification theory and social identity theory---typically cast as competing mechanisms by which individuals and groups perceive their places in a social structure---can complement each other to tell a more complete story of how individuals and groups deal with stigmatized identities. Third, we consider how stigmatized workers experience identification, disidentification, and ambivalence as a result of conflicting occupational and societal influences.

The Challenges of Conceptualizing Terrorism

Abstract: This analysis begins by exploring various reasons that the concept of terrorism has evaded a widely agreed upon definition for so long despite the efforts of so many writers. Emphasis is placed on the difficulties associated with all “essentially contested concepts.” In addition, the investigation calls attention to such problems as conceptual “stretching” and “traveling.” In an effort to solve the difficulties, the inquiry attempts to determine a consensus definition of terrorism by turning to an empirical analysis of how the term has been employed by academics over the years. Specifically, the well-known definition developed by Alex Schmid, based upon responses to a questionnaire he circulated in 1985, is compared with the way the concept has been employed by contributors to the major journals in the field: Terrorism, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, and Terrorism and Political Violence. The 22 “definitional elements” of which Schmid's definition is composed are compared to the frequency with which th...

Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: a critical evaluation of Kohlberg's model.

Abstract: In this article, the authors evaluate L. Kohlberg's (1984) cognitive- developmental approach to morality, find it wanting, and introduce a more pragmatic approach. They review research designed to evaluate Kohlberg's model, describe how they revised the model to accommodate discrepant findings, and explain why they concluded that it is poorly equipped to account for the ways in which people make moral decisions in their everyday lives. The authors outline in 11 propositions a framework for a new approach that is more attentive to the purposes that people use morality to achieve. People make moral judgments and engage in moral behaviors to induce themselves and others to uphold systems of cooperative exchange that help them achieve their goals and advance their interests.