Today is the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). The recent advances in hardware and information technology have accelerated the deployment of billions of interconnected, smart and adaptive devices in critical infrastructures like health, transportation, environmental control, and home automation. Transferring data over a network without requiring any kind of human-to-computer or human-to-human interaction, brings reliability and convenience to consumers, but also opens a new world of opportunity for intruders, and introduces a whole set of unique and complicated questions to the field of Digital Forensics. Although IoT data could be a rich source of evidence, forensics professionals cope with diverse problems, starting from the huge variety of IoT devices and non-standard formats, to the multi-tenant cloud infrastructure and the resulting multi-jurisdictional litigations. A further challenge is the end-to-end encryption which represents a trade-off between users’ right to privacy and the success of the forensics investigation. Due to its volatile nature, digital evidence has to be acquired and analyzed using validated tools and techniques that ensure the maintenance of the Chain of Custody. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the main issues involved in the complex process of IoT-based investigations, particularly all legal, privacy and cloud security challenges. Furthermore, this work provides an overview of the past and current theoretical models in the digital forensics science. Special attention is paid to frameworks that aim to extract data in a privacy-preserving manner or secure the evidence integrity using decentralized blockchain-based solutions. In addition, the present paper addresses the ongoing Forensics-as-a-Service (FaaS) paradigm, as well as some promising cross-cutting data reduction and forensics intelligence techniques. Finally, several other research trends and open issues are presented, with emphasis on the need for proactive Forensics Readiness strategies and generally agreed-upon standards.

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A Survey on the Internet of Things (IoT) Forensics: Challenges, Approaches, and Open Issues

Internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology which provides efficient and reliable solutions towards the modernization of several domains. IoT based solutions are being developed to automatically maintain and monitor agricultural farms with minimal human involvement. The article presents many aspects of technologies involved in the domain of IoT in agriculture. It explains the major components of IoT based smart farming. A rigorous discussion on network technologies used in IoT based agriculture has been presented, that involves network architecture and layers, network topologies used, and protocols. Furthermore, the connection of IoT based agriculture systems with relevant technologies including cloud computing, big data storage and analytics has also been presented. In addition, security issues in IoT agriculture have been highlighted. A list of smart phone based and sensor based applications developed for different aspects of farm management has also been presented. Lastly, the regulations and policies made by several countries to standardize IoT based agriculture have been presented along with few available success stories. In the end, some open research issues and challenges in IoT agriculture field have been presented.

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A Survey on the Role of IoT in Agriculture for the Implementation of Smart Farming

The growing demand for food in terms of quality and quantity has increased the need for industrialization and intensification in the agriculture field. Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly promising technology that is offering many innovative solutions to modernize the agriculture sector. Research institutions and scientific groups are continuously working to deliver solutions and products using IoT to address different domains of agriculture. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) by conducting a survey of IoT technologies and their current utilization in different application domains of the agriculture sector. The underlying SLR has been compiled by reviewing research articles published in well-reputed venues between 2006 and 2019. A total of 67 papers were carefully selected through a systematic process and classified accordingly. The primary objective of this systematic study is the collection of all relevant research on IoT agricultural applications, sensors/devices, communication protocols, and network types. Furthermore, it also discusses the main issues and challenges that are being investigated in the field of agriculture. Moreover, an IoT agriculture framework has been presented that contextualizes the representation of a wide range of current solutions in the field of agriculture. Similarly, country policies for IoT-based agriculture have also been presented. Lastly, open issues and challenges have been presented to provide the researchers promising future directions in the domain of IoT agriculture.

Role of IoT Technology in Agriculture: A Systematic Literature Review

A–Z survey of Internet of Things: Architectures, protocols, applications, recent advances, future directions and recommendations

In this era of research and technology, Internet of things (IoT) takes a prominent part in the evolution of applications of the various field like health, education, smart cities, homes, agriculture etc. This paper provides a survey of the IoT ecosystem. All the components of IoT and their significance has been elaborated. The smart sensors collaborate through wireless communication and internet, with zero human activity, to deliver automated intelligent applications. In this internet world, machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies are the first phase of the IoT. As IoT is expanding, it is bringing together vast technologies as in Big Data, Artificial Intelligent, Machine Learning to tackle the huge data and devices. This paper starts by providing an overview of the taxonomy of the IoT ecosystem. Then, it provides a technical overview of IoT enabling architectures, devices, gateways, operating systems (OS), middleware, platforms, data storage, security, communication protocols and interfaces for the data flow in an ecosystem. This paper also discusses the key hurdles that need to be tackled for expanding IoT. A relation between IoT and new technologies like big data, cloud and fog computing has been briefed. Finally, it presents the growing applications that IoT delivers.

IoT Ecosystem: A Survey on Devices, Gateways, Operating Systems, Middleware and Communication

Internet of things (IoT) is a very unique platform which is getting very popular day by day. The very reason for this to happen is the advancement in technology and its ability to get linked to everything. This feature of getting linked has in itself provided multiple opportunities and a vast scope of development. The fact that technology in various fields has evolved through the years, is the reason why we observe a rapid change in the shape, size and capacity of various instruments, components and the products used in daily life. And this benefit of simplified technology when accompanied by a platform like IoT eases the work as well as benefits both the manufacturer and the end user. The Internet of Things gives us an opportunity to construct effective administrations, applications for manufacturing, lifesaving solutions, proper cultivation and more. This paper proposes an extensive overview of the IoT technology and its varied applications in life saving, smart cities, agricultural, industrial etc. by reviewing the recent research works and its related technologies. It also accounts the comparison of IoT with M2M, points out some disadvantages of IoT. Furthermore, a detailed exploration of the existing protocols and security issues that would enable such applications is elaborated. Potential future research directions, open areas and challenges faced in the IoT framework are also summarized.

IoT Technology, Applications and Challenges: A Contemporary Survey

As part of the resource allocation mechanisms, each router must implement some queuing discipline that governs how packets are buffered while waiting to be transmitted. Various queuing disciplines can be used to control which packets get transmitted (bandwidth allocation) and which packets get dropped (buffer space). The queuing discipline also affects the latency experienced by a packet, by determining how long a packet waits to be transmitted. Examples of the common queuing disciplines are first-in first-out (FIFO) queuing, priority queuing (PQ), and weighted-fair queuing (WFQ). This paper throws a light on the comparative study of these disciplines and explains through simulation which is a better method of queuing.

Comparison of Queuing Disciplines for Differentiated Services Using OPNET

This paper develops a smart vehicular communication system using Li Fi technology which provides protection against vehicular collisions on the roads. Li Fi (Light Fidelity) is an emerging technology which uses the visible light spectrum for communication. This project focuses on the safety on roads in which the headlights, which consists of LEDs acting as transmitter communicate with photo sensors acting as receiver. White LEDs used in the head and tail lights can effectively be used for short range communication with the photodetectors. The application is cost effective as LEDS are cheap and simple algorithms are proposed for signal generation and transmission. The basic transceiver circuits are implemented and the results are given. Simulations of the experiment are done using Proteus 8 Professional.

Smart vehicular communication system using Li Fi technology

To define the term “smart farming,” this work has used real-time applications over sensors to capture changes in the soil's and the atmosphere's climate. The type of crop being grown is predicted based on weather patterns, soil moisture, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and ph levels, as well as making sure that the farmers are growing the right crops to ensure optimal yield and profits. In this paper, An hardware system using Nodemcu is developed to measure the vitals and is monitored on Thinkspeak and as a result of combining Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Logistic Regression, we developed a model that uses many variables to forecast the sort of crop being grown like element levels (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), PH levels, temperature, humidity, and land type, and deployed the best model to a web app using streamlit for real-time usage, the measured vitals from the thinkspeak are manually inputted on the web app and the suitable crop is predicted thus ensuring that the farmer is cultivating the correct crops for maximum profits and the best yield possible. With a validation accuracy of 99.5%, an F1 score of 1.00, and the ability to forecast values that are closer to the real values than other models based on the findings, after comparing the three models the Random Forest ensemble reached the best level.

S. Balaji

Papers

IoT Technology, Applications and Challenges: A Contemporary Survey

Comparison of Queuing Disciplines for Differentiated Services Using OPNET

Smart vehicular communication system using Li Fi technology

Precision Agriculture Crop Recommendation System Using IoT and Machine Learning