Soil Chemical Analysis

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Geostatistics For Environmental Scientists

http://publicationslist.org/data/ruben.rellan-alvarez/ref-30/13-2011-PPB.pdf

Towards a knowledge-based correction of iron chlorosis.

Iron (Fe) deficiency-induced chlorosis is a major nutritional disorder in crops growing in calcareous soils. Iron deficiency in fruit tree crops causes chlorosis, decreases in vegetative growth and marked fruit yield and quality losses. Therefore, Fe fertilizers, either applied to the soil or delivered to the foliage, are used every year to control Fe deficiency in these crops. On the other hand, a substantial body of knowledge is available on the fundamentals of Fe uptake, long and short distance Fe transport and subcellular Fe allocation in plants. Most of this basic knowledge, however, applies only to Fe deficiency, with studies involving Fe fertilization (i.e., with Fe-deficient plants resupplied with Fe) being still scarce. This paper reviews recent developments in Fe-fertilizer research and the state-of-the-art of the knowledge on Fe acquisition, transport and utilization in plants. Also, the effects of Fe-fertilization on the plant responses to Fe deficiency are reviewed. Agronomical Fe-fertilization practices should benefit from the basic knowledge on plant Fe homeostasis already available; this should be considered as a long-term goal that can optimize fertilizer inputs, reduce grower's costs and minimize the environmental impact of fertilization.

Towards a knowledge-based correction of iron chlorosis

Billions of people and many soils across the planet suffer from micronutrient (MN) deficiencies impairing human health. In general, fertilization of deficient soils, according to soil test, with MNs alone and in combination with nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) baseline treatment increases crop yield. The soil applied fertilizer-MN use efficiency (MUE) by crops is <5 % due to a lack of synchronization between the fertilizer-MN release and their crop demand during growth. Nanotechnology and biotechnology have the potential to play a prominent place in transforming agricultural systems and food production worldwide in the coming years. MNs added in microcapsules and nanocapsules, nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) are taken up and translocated within plants when grown to maturity, increasing crop yield and MN concentration in plants. Noteworthy, many of the effects of NPs and NMs on crop yield and quality, human health, and associated environmental risks remain to be explored. Increasing MUE requires synchronizing the release of nutrients from fertilizers with crop demand during the growing season. Development of intelligent MN fertilizer delivery platforms (IMNDP) may be possible on the basis of elucidating communication signals between plant roots and soil microorganisms. Important benefits from the development and farm adoption of intelligent MN delivery platforms include increased MUE, reduced fertilizer use, and minimal toxicity and environmental impacts. This article proposes for the first time a novel model for IMNDP to enhance MUE and food quality by enabling the synchronization of MN release from fertilizers according to crop demand.

Nanotechnologies for increasing the crop use efficiency of fertilizer-micronutrients

Development of a new slow-release micronutrient fertilizer of iron−manganese is described. Studies include formulation, synthesis, kinetics, characterization, and testing. The compound is a partially polymerized, iron−manganese−magnesium polyphosphate, which is produced at 200 °C by reaction of iron, manganese, and magnesium oxides with phosphoric acid, followed by neutralization to pH 5.6. Polymerization is optimal at 21.2% with an Fe/Mn/Mg/P molar ratio of 1:0.51:1.15:7.33. Condensation kinetics show multistage processes with plateau formation at the end of each stage. The compound is crystalline with new XRD patterns indicative of a regular arrangement of polyphosphate chains. ESR spectra reveal Mn predominantly in the IV state. The product has ideal slow-release characteristics of low water solubility but high citrate and DTPA solubility, indicating high bio-availability of the micronutrients. Plant trials with chilli show a 45.6% increase in yield, at Fe 2 kg/ha−Mn 1 kg/ha as the slow-release fertili...

Development of a Novel Slow-Releasing Iron−Manganese Fertilizer Compound

This paper describes a new water-insoluble molybdenum compound that has been developed as a slow-release fertilizer. The compound is an inorganic polymer formed by inclusion of molybdenum within a long-chain polyphosphate structure. It was designed by a process of "reverse engineering" of the molecule. Synthesis involved reaction of phosphoric acid with magnesium oxide, molybdenum trioxide, and sodium carbonate at 275 degrees C. Kinetics of reaction revealed complex multistage processes. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a crystalline nature with short-range as well as long-range ordering. The magnesium sodium polymolybdophosphate had ideal slow-release characteristics; it had low water solubility and high citrate solubility and was powdery, free flowing, and nonhygroscopic. Field testing showed an 80% increase in yield of green gram at a low dose of 0.04 kg/ha Mo. Nodulation increased by over 161%, and N content of gram increased by 20%. The slow-release fertilizer would provide an effective, low-cost, and environmentaly friendly alternative to Mo fertilization.

New slow-releasing molybdenum fertilizer.

The process for the production of a slow-release micronutrient fertilizer is described. The compound contains zinc, iron, manganese, and copper as micronutrients and is produced by polymerizing a system containing phosphoric acid, zinc oxide, hematite, pyrolusite, copper sulfate, and magnesium oxide followed by neutralization of the polyphosphate chain with ammonium hydroxide. Changes in temperature, density, and viscosity of the reaction system during polymerization were studied. Reaction kinetics was studied at three different temperatures. Rate curves revealed a multistage process with essentially linear rates at each stage. Thus, each stage displayed zero order kinetics. The product was crystalline and revealed ordering of P-O-P chains. It had low solubility in water but high solubility in 0.33 M citric acid and 0.005 M DTPA. Three different field trials showed significant yield increments using the slow-release micronutrient fertilizer compared to the conventional micronutrients. Yield increments in rice were in the range of 10–55% over control (with no micronutrient) and up to 17% over the conventional micronutrient fertilizers. There were significant increases in total uptake of zinc, iron, and manganese in the grain. Slow-release fertilizers also produced significant yield increases in potato as well as significant increase in vitamin C content of the tuber.

/pdf/multimicronutrient-slow-release-fertilizer-of-zinc-iron-1rvlakfo4q.pdf

Multimicronutrient Slow-Release Fertilizer of Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper

Shifting cultivation, soil degradation and agricultural land use planning in the North-eastern hill region of India using geo-spatial techniques

Accurate analysis of spatial variability of soil properties is a key component of the agriculture ecosystem and environment modelling. A systematic study was carried out to explore the spatial variability of pH, organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) in soils of Tinsukia district, Assam, India, for site-specific soil management. For this, a total of 3062 soil samples from a 0–25 cm depth (plough layer) at an approximate interval of 1 km were collected and analysed for different physical and chemical properties. Data were analysed both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of semivariogram. The values of soil pH, and OC, AN, AP and AK varied from 3.4 to 8.2, and 0.2–43.4, 1.1–37.3 and 12.5–392.8 mg/kg, respectively, with mean values of 4.6, and 13.8, 9.6 and 98.4 mg/kg, respectively. The largest variability in the soil properties was observed for K (55%), whereas the least variability was found for pH (14%). The semivariogram for pH, OC, AN, and AP was best fitted by the exponential model, whereas AK was best fitted by the Gaussian model. The range of all soil properties varied from 1119 to 3663 m; thus the length of the spatial autocorrelation is much longer than the sampling interval of 1000 m. Therefore, the current sampling design was appropriate for this study. The nugget/sill ratio indicated a moderate spatial dependence for pH, OC, N and P (33–73%) and a weak spatial dependence for K (82%). The generated spatial distribution maps can serve as an effective tool in site specific nutrient management. This is a prerequisite in farming systems in order to optimize the cost of cultivation as well as to address nutrient deficiency. The study also helped to identify and delineate critical nutrient deficiency zones.

/pdf/spatial-variability-analysis-of-soil-properties-of-tinsukia-1b29dp93ef.pdf

S. Bandyopadhyay

Papers

Development of a Novel Slow-Releasing Iron−Manganese Fertilizer Compound

New slow-releasing molybdenum fertilizer.

Multimicronutrient Slow-Release Fertilizer of Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper

Shifting cultivation, soil degradation and agricultural land use planning in the North-eastern hill region of India using geo-spatial techniques

Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties of Tinsukia District, Assam, India