https://www.metakaolin.ru/Documents/CementandConcreteResearch.pdf

A review: The comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si + Ca) and metakaolin (Si + Al) cements

Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties – A review

For many years now the idea of including alkalis in a Portland cement matrix has been regarded as a daft or inexcusably erroneous proposition: despite its absurdity, that opinion has been widely accepted as a basic premise by the scientific and technical community working in the area of the chemistry of cement In 1957 Glukhovsky proposed a working hypothesis in which he established a close relationship between alkalis and cementitious materials That hypothesis has become consolidated and has served as a basis for developing a new type of binders, initially called “alkaline cements” The present paper reviews the most significant theoretical interpretations of the role played by alkalis in the formation of the “stony” structure of cement It ends with a broad overview of the versatility of this type of materials for industrial applications and a discussion of the possibility of building on the existing legislation to meet the need for the future regulation of alkaline cement and concrete manufacture

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A review on alkaline activation: new analytical perspectives

A review of waste products utilized as supplements to Portland cement in concrete

Development of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites using polyethylene (PE) fibers

Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete

The concrete structures undergo severe damage under the impact loading, which may cause further fatal casualties to life and property and these damage become more dangerous as the temperature rises. This is controlled by performing the proper structural health monitoring (SHM) of structures. In recent years, the electromechanical impedance technique (EMI) has emerged as a promising method for monitoring the health of concrete structures. The objective of this study is to determine the damage in concrete under the impact and thermal loading circumstances using the EMI technique. For this purpose, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of impact loading on concrete at varying temperatures using different piezo sensor configurations. The concrete cube was tested for three piezo sensor configurations, bonded, non-bonded and embedded with a lead zirconium titanate (PZT) patch. A free-falling iron ball was dropped from a fixed height above the top surface of the test samples to simulate the impact loading. Temperature heating was performed using the oven for each concrete cube at 50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. The impedance measurement device was used to acquire the signatures from the piezo sensors. Statistical parameters such as root mean square deviation and mean absolute percentage deviation were calculated from the signature, demonstrating a high degree of damage detection under the impact loading at higher temperatures. These signatures are also used to determine the PZT equivalent system parameters (damping, stiffness, and mass) of the specimens under various damage conditions, as well as to establish the remaining life of the model. The study revealed that the EMI technique in SHM is capable of accurately assessing damage under impact loading at rising temperatures. Although all three sensor configurations are capable of detecting damage but, the study shows that the embedded sensors provide more accurate results. 

Impedance Based Damage Assessment of Concrete Under the Combined Effect of Impact and Temperature Using Different Piezo Configurations

Structural challenges for seismic stability of buildings in hilly areas.

Seismically induced landslide hazard zonation is a difficult task owing to the lack of globally recognized statistical or distribution-free methods. This is mainly attributed to the deficiency in seismically induced landslide inventories, which is further ascribed to the rarity of these extreme events. Yet, considering their astounding socio-economic impacts, researchers have been trying to establish frameworks for multi-hazard integration. In this context, an endeavour has been made in this present study to discuss a plausible approach of seismically induced landslide hazard zonation, where probabilistically generated scenario earthquakes are integrated with conventional models of landslide susceptibility zonation. The study presents a case study for a part of the lower Himalayan region, considering the frequency of earthquakes and landslide swarms observed in this area. Due diligence is required in selecting an appropriate earthquake intensity measure (IM) parameter for such multi-hazard integration, and after careful consideration, peak ground acceleration (PGA) characteristic of the scenario earthquakes is used. For the study area, six preparatory landslide causative factors are identified, and the PGA parameter is considered as the landslide triggering factor. The results of multi-hazard integration show that the potential of earthquake-induced landslides is quite real, particularly in the Himalayas. It is observed that there is a paradigm shift of landslide hazard zones from very low to very high under seismic conditions. For a scenario earthquake with a 10% exceedance probability in 50 years, almost 50% of the study area falls under the zone of very high landslide hazard. These observations emphasize that consideration of earthquakes in assessing actual or future landslide hazard levels is a more practical approach, particularly in the seismically active mountainous regions. The chapter presents a simple yet effective framework for integrating earthquake and landslide hazards. 

Use of Probabilistically Generated Scenario Earthquakes in Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Semi-qualitative Approach

Landslides are one of the most destructive and life-endangering hazards, which are responsible for substantial loss of lives and properties in most of the hilly regions worldwide. Furthermore, the surge in population have led to the rise in construction activities even to higher locations to meet the escalating demands, thereby causing over exploitation of all sorts of natural resources and making the hilly terrains more prone to landslide activities. Hence, there is critical need to recognize landslide prone areas and tackle the issues, especially in developing countries. Landslide risk assessment is an extremely important aspect in practical applications of all landslide studies. Several guidelines, overviews, and discussion on the landslide risk assessment can also be found in the literature; however no unified methodology exits till date. Therefore, this chapter aims to propose a framework to assess risk exposed to landslide hazard in the hilly terrains by integrating the concepts of landslide susceptibility and vulnerability. Since, landslide risk is a complex and uncertain operation that necessitates the combination of different techniques, methods, and tools and the interplay of various expertise, the proposed methodology is a systematic and easy to adopt for hilly terrains in a scenario of historical data scarcity and also in line with the codal provisions of that particular country as well as the geographical conditions. The presented work will be valuable in reducing the risk and improving the safety aspects of the infrastructures and lives and also for strategic governance of developmental activities in the times ahead. 

S.C Pal

Papers

Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete

Impedance Based Damage Assessment of Concrete Under the Combined Effect of Impact and Temperature Using Different Piezo Configurations

Structural challenges for seismic stability of buildings in hilly areas.

Use of Probabilistically Generated Scenario Earthquakes in Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Semi-qualitative Approach

A Framework for Assessing Landslide Risk in Hilly Terrains