Author
S. Gail Craddock
Bio: S. Gail Craddock is an academic researcher from National Development and Research Institutes. The author has contributed to research in topics: Substance abuse & Prospective cohort study. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 10 publications receiving 1580 citations.
Papers
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639 citations
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TL;DR: Reductions in prevalence of cocaine use in the year after treatment by patients were associated with longer treatment durations and increases in full-time employment were related to treatment stays of 6 months or longer for patients in LTR.
382 citations
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171 citations
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162 citations
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TL;DR: Evidence that drug (including alcohol) dependence is a chronic medical illness is examined and results suggest that long-term care strategies of medication management and continued monitoring produce lasting benefits.
Abstract: The effects of drug dependence on social systems has helped shape the generally held view that drug dependence is primarily a social problem, not a health problem. In turn, medical approaches to prevention and treatment are lacking. We examined evidence that drug (including alcohol) dependence is a chronic medical illness. A literature review compared the diagnoses, heritability, etiology (genetic and environmental factors), pathophysiology, and response to treatments (adherence and relapse) of drug dependence vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and asthma. Genetic heritability, personal choice, and environmental factors are comparably involved in the etiology and course of all of these disorders. Drug dependence produces significant and lasting changes in brain chemistry and function. Effective medications are available for treating nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence but not stimulant or marijuana dependence. Medication adherence and relapse rates are similar across these illnesses. Drug dependence generally has been treated as if it were an acute illness. Review results suggest that long-term care strategies of medication management and continued monitoring produce lasting benefits. Drug dependence should be insured, treated, and evaluated like other chronic illnesses.
2,329 citations
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TL;DR: This chapter reviews recent personality disorder research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability, and finds a new model for assessing PD-and perhaps all psychopathology-emerges from integrating these interrelated reconceptualizations.
Abstract: This chapter reviews recent (2000–2005) personality disorder (PD) research, focusing on three major domains: assessment, comorbidity, and stability. (a) Substantial evidence has accrued favoring dimensional over categorical conceptualization of PD, and the five-factor model of personality is prominent as an integrating framework. Future directions include assessing dysfunction separately from traits and learning to utilize collateral information. (b) To address the pervasiveness and extent of comorbidity, researchers have begun to move beyond studying overlapping pairs or small sets of disorders and are developing broader, more integrated common-factor models that cross the Axis I–Axis II boundary. (c) Studies of PD stability have converged on the finding that PD features include both more acute, dysfunctional behaviors that resolve in relatively short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are relatively more stable—similar to normal-range personality traits—with increasing stability ...
719 citations
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TL;DR: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).
Abstract: Personality and psychopathology long have been viewed as related domains, but the precise nature of their relations remains unclear. Through most of the 20th century, they were studied as separate fields; within psychopathology, clinical syndromes were separated from personality disorders in 1980. This division led to the revelation of substantial overlap among disorders both within and across axes and to the joint study of normal and abnormal personality. The author reviews these literatures and proposes an integrative framework to explain personality-psychopathology relations: Three broad, innate temperament dimensions--negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and disinhibition--differentiate through both biologically and environmentally based developmental processes into a hierarchical personality trait structure and, at their extremes, are risk factors (diatheses) for psychopathology, especially given adverse life experiences (stress).
696 citations
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639 citations
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TL;DR: Assessment instruments for measuring organizational functioning (based on ratings aggregated for staff and patients in a program) are introduced, along with preliminary evidence for their validity.
536 citations