This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing and design, applications, and fracture. The critical areas where further research is needed for a successful implementation of FGM in design are outlined in the conclusions. DOI: 10.1115/1.2777164

https://web.mst.edu/~vbirman/papers/Modeling%20and%20Analysis%20of%20FGM_Review_2007.pdf

Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures

A critical review of recent research on functionally graded plates

Mechanical behavior of functionally graded material plates under transverse load-part i: analysis

Nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of functionally graded plates in thermal environments

Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and structures

Active control of FGM plates with integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators

An efficient finite element formulation based on a first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is presented for the active control of functionally gradient material (FGM) plates with integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers subjected to a thermal gradient; this is accomplished using both static and dynamic piezothermoelastic analyses. The formulation based on FSDT can be applied to a range of relatively thin-to-moderately thick plates. A constant displacement-cum-velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied to provide active feedback control of the integrated FGM plate in a self-monitoring and self-controlling system. Numerical results for the control of bending and torsional deflections and/or vibrations are presented for a FGM plate comprising zirconia and aluminium. The effects of constituent volume fraction and the influence of feedback control gain on the static and dynamic responses of the FGM plates are examined in detail. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Active control of FGM plates subjected to a temperature gradient: Modelling via finite element method based on FSDT

In this paper, a generic finite element formulation is developed for the static and dynamic control of FGM (functionally graded material) shells with piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers. The properties of the FGM shell are graded in the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power-law distribution. The proposed finite element model is based on variational principle and linear piezoelectricity theory. A constant displacement and velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied in a closed-loop system to provide feedback control of the integrated FGM shell structure. Both static and dynamic control of FGM shells are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed active control scheme within a framework of finite element discretization and piezoelectric integration.

A FEM model for the active control of curved FGM shells using piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers

Finite element formulations are derived for static and dynamic analysis and the control of functionally graded material (FGM) plates under environments subjected to a temperature gradient, using linear piezoelectricity theory and first-order shear deformation theory. The multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) system with four collocated sensors and actuators is applied to provide active feedback control of the integrated FGM plate in a closed loop system. The distributed piezoelectrical sensors monitor the structural deformation due to the direct piezoelectrical effect and the distributed actuators control the deformation via the converse piezoelectrical effect. Numerical results for the static and dynamic control have been presented for the FGM plate, which consists of zirconia and aluminum. The purpose of the examples, which consist of a FGM plate with four collocated sensors and actuators used as MIMO system, is to determine the optimum configurations of the sensor/actuator pairs under various thermal and mechanical load fields.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/12/4/316/pdf

S. Sivashanker

Papers

Active control of FGM plates with integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators

Active control of FGM plates subjected to a temperature gradient: Modelling via finite element method based on FSDT

A FEM model for the active control of curved FGM shells using piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers

The modelling and design of smart structures using functionally graded materials and piezoelectrical sensor/actuator patches