Electromagnetic forming—A review

Dynamic axial crushing of square tubes

This paper reviews the common shapes of collapsible energy absorbers and the different modes of deformation of the most common ones. Common shapes include circular tubes, square tubes, frusta, struts, honeycombs, and sandwich plates. Common modes of deformation for circular tubes include axial crushing, lateral indentation, lateral flattening, inversion and splitting. Non-collapsible systems, such as lead extrusions or tube expansions, are considered to be beyond the scope of this review.

Collapsible impact energy absorbers: an overview

Over the past several decades, a noticeable amount of research efforts has been directed to minimising injuries and death to people inside a structure that is subjected to an impact loading. Thin-walled (TW) tubular components have been widely employed in energy absorbing structures to alleviate the detrimental effects of an impact loading during a collision event and thus enhance the crashworthiness performance of a structure. Comprehensive knowledge of the material properties and the structural behaviour of various TW components under various loading conditions is essential for designing an effective energy absorbing system. In this paper, based on a broad survey of the literature, a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the area of crashworthiness performance of TW tubes is given with a special focus on the topics that emerged in the last ten years such as crashworthiness optimisation design and energy absorbing responses of unconventional TW components including multi-cells tubes, functionally graded thickness tubes and functionally graded foam filled tubes. Due to the huge number of studies that analysed and assessed the energy absorption behaviour of various TW components, this paper presents only a review of the crashworthiness behaviour of the components that can be used in vehicles structures including hollow and foam-filled TW tubes under lateral, axial, oblique and bending loading.

https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/1765038/Paper_2.pdf

On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: Recent advances and future developments

Porous titanium scaffolds fabricated using a rapid prototyping and powder metallurgy technique

Axial crushing of square tubes

A thin wall tube, when axially compressed over a radiused die, either inverts, or buckles or tears. The phenomena associated with the external or internal inversion of tubes of aluminium, copper, mild steel and brass are described and load-tube shortening curves are presented for speeds of compression between 0·05 in/min and 20 in/min; some results for high speed compression using a drop hammer are also described.Thickness changes during inversion are reported and experiments to establish the effect of die angle and die radius on the inversion load are given.For the inside-out inversion of tube, a simple theoretical analysis to predict the steady inverting load and the optimum die radius for a strain hardening material is given, the basic assumption being that no change in the wall thickness takes place.

S.T.S. Al-Hassani

Papers

Axial crushing of square tubes

Characteristics of Inversion Tubes under Axial Loading

Axial crushing of wood-filled square metal tubes

A morphological model of vertebral trabecular bone

A morphological elastic model of general hexagonal columnar structures