Internet of Things (IoT) describes a world where everyday objects are always connected to the Internet, allowing them to communicate and interact with each other. By connecting these everyday objects to the Internet and making them available everywhere at any time, IoT allows to remotely monitor, manage, and gather status information about them and their surrounding environment. IoT is a revolutionary concept that brought new experiences to everyday life and enabled Smart City initiatives all over the world. These initiatives are using a combination of technology paired with physical infrastructure and services, to improve people's quality of life. One of the high-priority domain to support the Smart City's vision is the field of Smart Mobility. This paper reviews the current IoT approaches and concepts related to Smart Cities and Smart Mobility. In addition, it analyzes distinct features and numerous applications covering both Intelligent Transportation and Real Time Traffic Management Systems.

Smart mobility: A survey

Parking slots have become a widespread problem in urban development. In this context, the growth of vehicles inside the university's campus is rapidly outpacing the available parking spots for students and staff as well. This issue can be mitigated by the introduction of parking management for the smart campus which targets to assist individually match drivers to vacant parking slots, saving time, enhance parking space utilization, decrease management costs, and alleviate traffic congestion. This paper develops an IoT Raspberry Pi-based parking management system (IoT-PiPMS) to help staff/students to easily find available parking spots with real-time vision and GPS coordinates, all by means of a smartphone application. Our system composes of Raspberry Pi 4 B+ (RPi) embedded computer, Pi camera module, GPS sensor, and ultrasonic sensors. In the IoT-PiPMS, RPi 4 B+ is used to gather and process data input from the sensors/camera, and the data is uploaded via Wi-Fi to the Blynk IoT server. Ultrasonic sensors and LEDs are exploited to detect the occupancy of the parking spots with the support of the Pi camera to ensure data accuracy. Besides, the GPS module is installed in the system to guide drivers to locate parking areas through the Blynk App. that discovers parking spaces availability over the Internet. The system prototype is fabricated and tested practically to prove its functionality and applicability. According to the results, the IoT-PiPMS can effectively monitor the occupancy of outdoor parking spaces in the smart campus environment, and its potency in terms of updating the data to the IoT server in real-time is also validated..

An IoT Raspberry Pi-based parking management system for smart campus

This study takes an intuitive step to develop the user-convenient smart vehicle parking system (SVPS), a smart system able to manage the massive crowd of vehicles during parking searching and do the better jobs of parking reservation and management, with the shorter-path processing tactics. For that, this study inclusively employed the mapping strategy, where the system parking points are prevalent, to assist the users to get the parking information fast and conveniently. This study is comprised of the several parking points systematically spread over the several locations and traceable over the available graphical map, and the overall information is easily accessible using smart devices. For parking information, a smart web application which is another important module of this study is designed, with which the SVPS system’s registered users are able to access all the services provided for smart vehicle parking searching and reservation in efficient and reliable ways. An integrated network approach, RFID (radio frequency identification) and wireless sensors network (WSN), called RF-WSN, is employed to retrieve the real-time information from the installed and configured sensor devices in RFID-WSN network.

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Centralized Connectivity for Multiwireless Edge Computing and Cellular Platform: A Smart Vehicle Parking System

The parking process is common attempt to eliminate traffic in the road by providing certain spot for vehicle to stay for certain time. Considering the increase of amount of population, large parking area horizontally or vertically is not necessary proper solution because it requires enormous expenses to acquire vacant land or to construct high-rise building. Therefore, smart parking system is one solution to provide information on the availability of vacant parking locations efficiently and conduct identification and transaction process quickly. Telkom University has been adopted this system by using physical card with RFID built-in for handling, convenience and security purposes since October 2014. Even though, it deliver an easy way for verification and validation but some problem occurred that raise several complaints from student and staff. This study has objective to explore the challenges and to addresses the issues faced by smart parking system, which has been implemented in subsequent years. By identifying the solution, it can improve the quality of the system for greater purpose in the future.

Analysis of Project Integration on Smart Parking System in Telkom University

Recently, various advanced technologies have been employed to build smart cities. Smart cities aim at improving the quality of life through the delivery of better services. One of the current services that are essential for any smart city, is the availability of enough parking spaces to ensure smooth and easy traffic flow. This research proposes a new framework for solving the problem of parking lot allocation, which emphasizes the equitable allocation of people based on the overall count of people in each parking space. The allocation process is performed while considering the available parking lots in each parking space. To accomplish the desired goal, this research will develop a set of seven algorithms to reduce the gap in the number of people between parking spaces. Many experiments carried out on 2430 different cases to cover several aspects such as the execution time and the gap calculations, were used to explore the performance of the developed algorithm. Analyzing the obtained results indicates a good performance behavior of the developed algorithms. Also, it shows that the developed algorithms can solve the studied problem in terms of gap and time calculations. The MR algorithm gained excellent performance results compared to one of the best algorithms in the literature. The MR algorithm has a percentage of 96.1 %, an average gap of 0.02, and a good execution time of 0.007 s. 

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Smart-parking management algorithms in smart city

Locating a parking space in central city areas, especially during the peak hours, is cumbersome for drivers. The issue arises from not having the knowledge of where the available spaces may be at the time, even if known, many vehicles may seek very limited parking spaces to cause severe traffic congestion. In this paper the design and implementation with a prototype of Reservation-based Smart Parking System (RSPS) that permits drivers to effectively locate and withhold the vacant parking spaces in mentioned. This system use cluster based algorithm which helps in periodically learning the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking spaces, the reservation service is influenced by the change of parking status. The drivers are allowed to access this said cyber-physical system with their personal communication devices. The system implemented is cost efficient smart parking system for multi-level parking facility using WSN (IR Sensor) and develop an android based application, by cluster based allocation method and performs automatic billing process. The system monitors the availability of idle parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest free slot. Cost is minimized by keeping the number of sensors low without sacrificing the reliability. Energy consumption of each mote is kept in check by allowing the systems to sleep periodically and by reducing their communication range. This system‟s reservation-based parking policy has the potential to smoothen the operations of parking systems, as well as mitigate traffic congestion caused by searching for parking.

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Saideep Pradeep Bandarkar

Papers

Smart Parking System Based on Embedded System and Sensor Network