Sailesh N. Behera

Abstract: Gaseous ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere. In addition, it is a major component of total reactive nitrogen. The largest source of NH3 emissions is agriculture, including animal husbandry and NH3-based fertilizer applications. Other sources of NH3 include industrial processes, vehicular emissions and volatilization from soils and oceans. Recent studies have indicated that NH3 emissions have been increasing over the last few decades on a global scale. This is a concern because NH3 plays a significant role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, visibility degradation and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to sensitive ecosystems. Thus, the increase in NH3 emissions negatively influences environmental and public health as well as climate change. For these reasons, it is important to have a clear understanding of the sources, deposition and atmospheric behaviour of NH3. Over the last two decades, a number of research papers have addressed pertinent issues related to NH3 emissions into the atmosphere at global, regional and local scales. This review article integrates the knowledge available on atmospheric NH3 from the literature in a systematic manner, describes the environmental implications of unabated NH3 emissions and provides a scientific basis for developing effective control strategies for NH3.

Abstract: Recurring biomass burning-induced smoke haze is a serious regional air pollution problem in Southeast Asia (SEA). The June 2013 haze episode was one of the worst air pollution events in SEA. Size segregated particulate samples (2.5–1.0 μm; 1.0–0.5 μm; 0.5– 0.2 μm; and 60%) of the elements was present in oxidizable and residual fractions while the bioavailable (exchangeable) fraction accounted for up to 20% for most of the elements except K and Mn. Deposition of inhaled potentially toxic trace elements in various regions of the h...

Abstract: To investigate the potential role of ammonia in ion chemistry of PM(2.5) aerosol, measurements of PM(2.5) (particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter NO3(-) (16.8) > NH4+ (15.1) > Ca2+ (4.1) > Na+ (2.4) > K+ (2.1 microg m(-3)) and (ii) winter: SO4(2-) (28.9 microg m(-3)) > NO3(-) (23.0) > NH4+ (16.4) > Ca2+ (3.4) > K+ (3.3) > Na+ (3.2 microg m(-3)). The mean molar ratio of NH4+ to SO4(2-) was 2.8+/-0.6 (mostly > 2), indicated abundance of NH3 to neutralize H2SO4. The excess of NH4+ was inferred to be associated with NO3(-) and Cl(-). Higher sulfur conversion ratio (F(s): 58%) than nitrogen conversion ratio (F(n): 39%) indicated that SO4(2-) was the preferred secondary species to NO3(-). The charge balance for the ion chemistry of PM(2.5) revealed that compounds formed from ammonia as precursor are (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl. This study conclusively established that while there are higher contributions of NH4+, SO4(2-) to PM(2.5) in summer but for nitrates (in particulate phase), it is the winter season, which is critical because of low temperatures that drives the reaction between ammonia and HNO3 in forward direction for enhanced nitrate formation. In summary, inorganic secondary aerosol formation accounted for 30% mass of PM(2.5) and any particulate control strategy should include optimal control of primary precursor gases including ammonia.

Abstract: Levels of fine Particulate Matter (PMfine), SO2 and NOx are interlinked through atmospheric reactions to a large extent. NOx ,N H3 ,S O2, temperature and humidity are the important atmospheric constituents/conditions governing formation of fine particulate sulfates and nitrates. To understand the formation of inorganic secondary particles (nitrates and sulfates) in the atmosphere, a study was undertaken in Kanpur, India. Specifically, the study was designed to measure the atmospheric levels of NH þ ; Ca 2þ ; Mg 2þ ; Na þ ; K þ ; NO � ; SO 2� 4 ; CI � ; NH3 gas ðÞ ; HNO3 gas ðÞ ; NO2 and PM10 PM2:5=PM10 ratio ¼ 0:74

Abstract: A novel thermal plasma in-flight technique has been adopted to synthesize nanocrystalline ZnO and carbon doped nanocrystalline ZnO matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on these samples show the average particle sizes to be around 32 nm for ZnO and for carbon doped ZnO. An enhancement of saturation magnetization in nanosized carbon doped ZnO matrix by a factor of 3.8 has been found in comparison to ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature. Raman measurement clearly indicates the presence of Zn–C complexes surrounded by ZnO matrix in carbon doped ZnO. This indicates that the ferromagnetic signature in carbon doped ZnO arises from the creation of defects or the development of oxy-carbon clusters, in the carbon doped ZnO system. Theoretical studies based on density functional theory also support the experimental analyses.

Abstract: Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Vol. 1. Pp. xxvi + 487. 126S. (With a chapter on carcinogenesis by Regina Schoental.) Vol. 2. Pp. lvii + 487. 140s. By E. Clar. (London and New York: Academic Press; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1964.)

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Abstract: Fine-particle pollution associated with winter haze threatens the health of more than 400 million people in the North China Plain. Sulfate is a major component of fine haze particles. Record sulfate concentrations of up to ~300 μg m −3 were observed during the January 2013 winter haze event in Beijing. State-of-the-art air quality models that rely on sulfate production mechanisms requiring photochemical oxidants cannot predict these high levels because of the weak photochemistry activity during haze events. We find that the missing source of sulfate and particulate matter can be explained by reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water. The aerosol water serves as a reactor, where the alkaline aerosol components trap SO 2 , which is oxidized by NO 2 to form sulfate, whereby high reaction rates are sustained by the high neutralizing capacity of the atmosphere in northern China. This mechanism is self-amplifying because higher aerosol mass concentration corresponds to higher aerosol water content, leading to faster sulfate production and more severe haze pollution.

Abstract: Particulate matter pollution is a public health concern in industrialized and urban areas. Here, the authors control the surface chemistry and microstructure of filtration materials to fabricate effective and transparent air filters for the capture of PM2.5 pollutants.

Abstract: Gaseous ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere. In addition, it is a major component of total reactive nitrogen. The largest source of NH3 emissions is agriculture, including animal husbandry and NH3-based fertilizer applications. Other sources of NH3 include industrial processes, vehicular emissions and volatilization from soils and oceans. Recent studies have indicated that NH3 emissions have been increasing over the last few decades on a global scale. This is a concern because NH3 plays a significant role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, visibility degradation and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to sensitive ecosystems. Thus, the increase in NH3 emissions negatively influences environmental and public health as well as climate change. For these reasons, it is important to have a clear understanding of the sources, deposition and atmospheric behaviour of NH3. Over the last two decades, a number of research papers have addressed pertinent issues related to NH3 emissions into the atmosphere at global, regional and local scales. This review article integrates the knowledge available on atmospheric NH3 from the literature in a systematic manner, describes the environmental implications of unabated NH3 emissions and provides a scientific basis for developing effective control strategies for NH3.