Nanocrystals (NCs) discussed in this Review are tiny crystals of metals, semiconductors, and magnetic material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms each. Their size ranges from 2-3 to about 20 nm. What is special about this size regime that placed NCs among the hottest research topics of the last decades? The quantum mechanical coupling * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dvtalapin@uchicago.edu. † The University of Chicago. ‡ Argonne National Lab. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 389–458 389

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Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Metal oxide-based resistive-type gas sensors are solid-state devices which are widely used in a number of applications from health and safety to energy efficiency and emission control. Nanomaterials such as nanowires, nanorods, and nanoparticles have dominated the research focus in this field due to their large number of surface sites facilitating surface reactions. Previous studies have shown that incorporating two or more metal oxides to form a heterojunction interface can have drastic effects on gas sensor performance, especially the selectivity. Recently, these effects have been amplified by designing heterojunctions on the nano-scale. These designs have evolved from mixed commercial powders and bi-layer films to finely-tuned core–shell and hierarchical brush-like nanocomposites. This review details the various morphological classes currently available for nanostructured metal-oxide based heterojunctions and then presents the dominant electronic and chemical mechanisms that influence the performance of these materials as resistive-type gas sensors. Mechanisms explored include p–n and n–n potential barrier manipulation, n–p–n response type inversions, spill-over effects, synergistic catalytic behavior, and microstructure enhancement. Tables are presented summarizing these works specifically for SnO2, ZnO, TiO2, In2O3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Co3O4, and CdO-based nanocomposites. Recent developments are highlighted and likely future trends are explored.

Nanoscale metal oxide-based heterojunctions for gas sensing: A review

It is clear that the above can lead to confusion when scientists of different countries are trying to communicate with each other. Another example is the burrowing rodent called a gopher found throughout the western United States. In the southeastern United States the term gopher refers to a burrowing turtle very similar to the desert tortoise found in the American southwest. One final example; two North American mammals known as the elk and the caribou are known in Europe as the reindeer and the elk. We never sing “Rudolph the Red-nosed elk”! Confused? This was the reason for creating an internationally recognized system of naming organisms. To avoid confusion, living organisms are assigned a scientific name based on Latin or Latinized words. The English sparrow is Passer domesticus or Passer domesticus (italics or underlining these two names is the official written representation of a scientific name). Using a uniform naming system allows scientists from all over the world to recognize exactly which life form a scientist is referring to. The naming process is called the binomial system of nomenclature. Passer is comparable to a surname and is called the genus, while domesticus is the specific or species name (like your given name) of the English sparrow. Now scientists can give all sparrow-like birds the genus Passer but the species name will vary. All similar genera (plural for genus) can be grouped into another, “higher” category (see below). Study the following for a more through understanding of taxonomy. Taxonomy Analogy Kingdom: Animalia Country

Diversity of life

Graphene-based materials are gaining heightened attention as novel materials for environmental applications The unique physicochemical properties of graphene, notably its exceptionally high surface area, electron mobility, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, can lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global environmental challenges This critical review assesses the recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination, as building blocks for next generation water treatment and desalination membranes, and as electrode materials for contaminant monitoring or removal The most promising areas of research are highlighted, with a discussion of the main challenges that we need to overcome in order to fully realize the exceptional properties of graphene in environmental applications

Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials.

A multi-step reactive ion etching (MS-RIE) process for silicon was developed for the fabrication of deep anisotropic, closely packed structures with vertical sidewalls. This process used repeated cycles of etching and the replenishment of masking layers, similar to the Bosch process (Laermer and Schilp 1996 US Patent 5,498,312) [1] that is employed in specialized etching tools. The process described here, however, can be used on conventional RIE tools, and is based on the isotropic deposition of an etch-inhibiting polymer to protect sidewalls, its anisotropic removal from the bottom etch front, and a subsequent isotropic etch into deeper layers. A conventional parallel plate etcher without fast gas management, cryogenic substrate cooling, or inductively coupled plasma density enhancement, produced these steps. Each process step was optimized for the maximal etch rate, minimal mask erosion, deposition of the thinnest polymer required to protect the sidewalls, and was tailored for use with 2 µm thick photoresist as the initial mask layer. This cyclic RIE process was used to fabricate photonic devices with high aspect ratios of etched depths over 100 µm and etch widths near 1 µm.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/17/9/004/pdf

Cyclic deep reactive ion etching with mask replenishment

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8986/ab8a78/pdf

Resonant and non-resonant coupling of one-dimensional microcavity mode and optical Tamm state

Surface potential, charging and local current transport of individual Ge quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Ambient temperature carbon nanotube ammonia sensor on CMOS platform

We report a study on the growth temperature dependent phase formation and its magnetic property in Mn-doped Ge nanowires (NWs) fabricated at temperature (TG) varying from 600 to 900 °C using vapor–liquid–solid technique. Structural and magnetic measurements on the nanowires reveal that Mn are not homogeneously distributed in Ge-matrix, but atomic clusters (Mn-rich regions) are formed in lightly doped Ge matrix (GeMn-matrix) at 600 °C. Upon increasing TG, Ge3Mn5 compound starts to nucleate in expense of atomic clusters following the migration of Mn from GeMn-matrix. At 900 °C, only precipitates of Ge3Mn5 in cluster-free Ge-matrix are found.

Samit K. Ray

Papers

Cyclic deep reactive ion etching with mask replenishment

Resonant and non-resonant coupling of one-dimensional microcavity mode and optical Tamm state

Surface potential, charging and local current transport of individual Ge quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Ambient temperature carbon nanotube ammonia sensor on CMOS platform

Temperature-dependent structure and magnetism of Mn-doped Ge nanowires