Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a 'systematic trend'. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles (or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial 'sign-switching' responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates 'very high confidence' (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems.

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A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems

Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species’ ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level

https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/documents/R2ES/LitCited/LPC_2012/Parmesan_2006.pdf

Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Contributors 1: Samuel M. Scheiner: Theories, Hypotheses, and Statistics 2: Robert J. Steidl and Len Thomas: Power Analysis and Experimental Design 3: Aaron M. Ellison: Exploratory Data Analysis and Graphic Display 4: Catherine Potvin: ANOVA: Experimental Layout and Analysis 5: Deborah E. Goldberg and Samuel M. Scheiner: ANOVA and ANCOVA: Field Competition Experiments 6: Samuel M. Scheiner: MANOVA: Multiple Response Variables and Multispecies Interactions 7: Peter S. Petraitis et al: ANCOVA: Nonparametric and Randomization Approaches 8: Carl N. von Ende: Repeated-measures Analysis: Growth and Other Time-dependent Measures 9: Paul W. Rasmussen et al: Time Series Intervention Analysis: Unreplicated Large-scale Experiments 10: Steven A. Juliano: Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Predation and Functional Response Curves 11: Ted Floyd: Logit Modeling and Logisitic Regression: Aphids, ANts and Plants 12: Randall J. Mitchell: Path Analysis: Pollination 13: Gordon A. Fox: Failed-time Analysis: Studying TImesto Events and Rates at Which events Occur 14: Philip M. Dixon: The Bootstrap and the Jackknife: Describing the Precision of Ecological Indices 15: Jay M. Ver Hoef and Noel Cressie: Spatial Statistics: Analysis of Field Experiments 16: Marie-Josee Fortin and Jessica Gurvitch: Mantel Tests: Spacial Structure in Field Experiments 17: James S. Clark and Michael Lavine: Payesian Statistics: Estimating Plant Demographic Parameters 18: Jessica Gurevitch and Larry V. Hedges: Meta-analysis: Combining the Results of Independent Experiments References Index

Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments

To achieve a coherent evolutionary theory, it is necessary to account for the effects of the environment on the process of development. Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment. Various measures of plasticity exist, many of which can be united within the framework of a polynomial function. This function is the norm of reaction. For the special case of a linear reaction norm, genetic variation can be partitioned into portions that are independent and dependent on the environment. From this partition two heritability measures are derived which can be used, alternatively, to compare populations or make predictions about the response to selection. Genetically, plasticity is likely due both to differences in allelic expression across environments and to changes in interactions among loci; plasticity is not a function of heterozygosity. Plasticity responds to both artificial and natural selection. The evolution of plasticity is modeled in thre...

Genetics and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity

Understanding the relationship between species richness and productivity is fundamental to the management and preservation of biodiversity. Yet despite years of study and intense theoretical interest, this relationship remains controversial. Here, we present the results of a literature survey in which we examined the relationship between species richness and productivity in 171 published studies. We extracted the raw data from published tables and graphs and subjected these data to a standardized analysis, using ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression and generalized linear-model (GLIM) regression to test for significant positive, negative, or curvilinear relationships between productivity and species diversity. If the relationship was curvilinear, we tested whether the maximum (or minimum) of the curve occurred within the range of productivity values observed (i.e., was there evidence of a hump?). A meta-analysis conducted on the distribution of standardized quadratic regression coefficients showed that ...

What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity

Phenotypic plasticity is an environmentally based change in the phenotype. Understanding the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has been hampered by dissenting opinions on the merits of different methods of description, on the underlying genetic mechanisms, and on the way that plasticity is affected by natural selection in a heterogeneous environment. During much of this debate, the authors of this article have held opposing views. Here, we attempt to lay out current issues and summarize the areas of consensus and controversy surrounding the evolution of plasticity and the reaction norm (the set of phenotypes produced by a genotype over a range of environments).

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Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy.

Dedication Acknowledgements Preface Contents Contributors 1. Phenotypic variation from single genotypes: a primer 2. From the reaktionsnorm to the evolution of adaptive plasticity: a historical sketch, 1909-1995 3. Genetics and mechanics of plasticity 4. Evolution of reaction norms 5. Evolutionary importance and pattern of phenotypic plasticity: insights gained from development 6. Models of reaction norm evolution 7. Integrated solutions to environmental heterogeneity: theory of multimoment reaction norms 8. A behavioral ecological view of phenotypic plasticity 9. Patterns and analysis of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in animals 10. Plasticity and the functional ecology of plants 11. The genotype-environment interaction and evolution when the environment contains genes 12. The role of phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary diversification 13. Future research directions References Index

Samuel M. Scheiner

Papers

Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments

Genetics and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity

What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy.

Phenotypic plasticity : functional and conceptual approaches