Author
Samuli Rinne
Bio: Samuli Rinne is an academic researcher from Aalto University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Waste heat & Heat pump. The author has an hindex of 11, co-authored 16 publications receiving 519 citations.
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, the potential for data center waste heat utilization was analyzed in the Nordic countries through life cycle assessment, and an overview of upcoming data center projects where waste heat is utilized is presented.
Abstract: In this study the potential for data center waste heat utilization was analyzed in the Nordic countries. An overview of upcoming data center projects where waste heat is utilized is presented. Especially in Finland data center operators are planning to reuse waste heat in district heating. However, business models between the district heating network operator and data center operator are often not transparent. The implications of economics and emissions on waste heat utilization in district heating were analyzed through life cycle assessment. Currently the biggest barriers for utilizing waste heat are the low quality of waste heat (e.g. low temperature or unstable source of heat) and high investment costs. A systematic 8-step change process was suggested to ensure success in changing the priority of waste heat utilization in the data center and district heating market. Relevant energy efficiency metrics were introduced to support rational decision-making in the reuse of waste heat. Economic calculations showed that the investment payback time is under the estimated lifetime of the heat pump equipment, when waste heat was utilized in district heating. However, the environmental impact of waste heat utilization depends on the fuel, which waste heat replaces.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the maximum flexibility of the existing energy system in integration of renewable energy, which is an important step before undertaking new renewable energy obligations, by hourly analysis and comprehensive modeling of the energy system including electricity, heat, and transportation, by employing EnergyPLAN tool.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors simulate Finnish future energy system with large amounts of CHP (combined heat and power) and wind power, and find that the use of economically optimal thermal storage can increase CHP production by 15% in the case of wind energy providing 24% of the total electricity production in Finland.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors calculate CO 2 emission factors of DH (district heating) from CHP and GSHP (ground source heat pumps) in Finland, based on hourly data at present and in various future scenarios.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the feasibility of large heat pumps in existing district heating systems and found that the largest potential for heat pumps is in small district heating system, where they reduce the use of fossil fuels.
66 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs).
Abstract: Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.
1,279 citations
TL;DR: The Smart Energy System concept represents a scientific shift in paradigms away from single-sector thinking to a coherent energy systems understanding on how to benefit from the integration of all sectors and infrastructures.
653 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of more than 60 studies (plus m4ore than 65 studies on P2G) on power and energy models based on simulation and optimization was done, based on these, for power systems with up to 95% renewables, the electricity storage size is found to be below 1.5% of the annual demand (in energy terms).
Abstract: A review of more than 60 studies (plus m4ore than 65 studies on P2G) on power and energy models based on simulation and optimization was done. Based on these, for power systems with up to 95% renewables, the electricity storage size is found to be below 1.5% of the annual demand (in energy terms). While for 100% renewables energy systems (power, heat, mobility), it can remain below 6% of the annual energy demand. Combination of sectors and diverting the electricity to another sector can play a large role in reducing the storage size. From the potential alternatives to satisfy this demand, pumped hydro storage (PHS) global potential is not enough and new technologies with a higher energy density are needed. Hydrogen, with more than 250 times the energy density of PHS is a potential option to satisfy the storage need. However, changes needed in infrastructure to deal with high hydrogen content and the suitability of salt caverns for its storage can pose limitations for this technology. Power to Gas (P2G) arises as possible alternative overcoming both the facilities and the energy density issues. The global storage requirement would represent only 2% of the global annual natural gas production or 10% of the gas storage facilities (in energy equivalent). The more options considered to deal with intermittent sources, the lower the storage requirement will be. Therefore, future studies aiming to quantify storage needs should focus on the entire energy system including technology vectors (e.g. Power to Heat, Liquid, Gas, Chemicals) to avoid overestimating the amount of storage needed.
420 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a qualitative methodology to select the appropriate technology or mix of technologies for different applications of energy storage in the electric grid, including ratings, energy density, durability and costs.
394 citations