results in a conservative estimate of 218 ± 72 Tg C a 1 . When using the best available estimates of various carbon sinks (organic carbon export, sediment burial, and mineralization), it appears that >50% of the carbon fixed by mangrove vegetation is unaccounted for. This unaccounted carbon sink is conservatively estimated at 112 ± 85 Tg C a 1 , equivalent in magnitude to 30–40% of the global riverine organic carbon input to the coastal zone. Our analysis suggests that mineralization is severely underestimated, and that the majority of carbon export from mangroves to adjacent waters occurs as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). CO2 efflux from sediments and creek waters and tidal export of DIC appear to be the major sinks. These processes are quantitatively comparable in magnitude to the unaccounted carbon sink in current budgets, but are not yet adequately constrained with the limited published data available so far.

/pdf/mangrove-production-and-carbon-sinks-a-revision-of-global-3ssso8s5i8.pdf

Mangrove Production and Carbon sinks: A revision of global budget estimates

Mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests of the tropics. They are highly productive ecosystems with rates of primary production equal to those of tropical humid evergreen forests and coral reefs. Although mangroves occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they contribute 10–15% (24 Tg C y−1) to coastal sediment carbon storage and export 10–11% of the particulate terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Their disproportionate contribution to carbon sequestration is now perceived as a means for conservation and restoration and a way to help ameliorate greenhouse gas emissions. Of immediate concern are potential carbon losses to deforestation (90–970 Tg C y−1) that are greater than these ecosystems' rates of carbon storage. Large reservoirs of dissolved inorganic carbon in deep soils, pumped via subsurface pathways to adjacent waterways, are a large loss of carbon, at a potential rate up to 40% of annual primary production. Patterns of carbon allocation and rates of carbon flux in mangrove f...

Carbon Cycling and Storage in Mangrove Forests

/pdf/mangrove-production-and-carbon-sinks-a-revision-of-global-1bp8rlyclg.pdf

Mangrove production and carbon sinks : a revision of global budget estimates - art. no. GB2013

Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review

[1] Air-water CO2 fluxes were up-scaled to take into account the latitudinal and ecosystem diversity of the coastal ocean, based on an exhaustive literature survey. Marginal seas at high and temperate latitudes act as sinks of CO2 from the atmosphere, in contrast to subtropical and tropical marginal seas that act as sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Overall, marginal seas act as a strong sink of CO2 of about −0.45 Pg C yr−1. This sink could be almost fully compensated by the emission of CO2 from the ensemble of near-shore coastal ecosystems of about 0.40 Pg C yr−1. Although this value is subject to large uncertainty, it stresses the importance of the diversity of ecosystems, in particular near-shore systems, when integrating CO2 fluxes at global scale in the coastal ocean.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2005GL023053

Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts

The world’s largest mangroves ecosystem, the Sundarbans, being highly productive and a place for extensive organic matter cycling, is considered to be the hotspot for biogeochemical studies in the tropical estuarine environment. Hence, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the biogenic gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), also known as radiatively active gases, were measured in mangrove-dominated estuaries of the system. In addition to spatial and seasonal observation, three full tidal cycles were observed at one site. Results showed that the air/water gas saturations were widely distributed and highly variable along the stretch. The gas saturations showed varying responses to salinity and tidal fluctuations. This indicated that localized biogeochemical processes may be more influential than simple mixing and dilution processes in controlling the variability of these gases. The surface waters were always supersaturated with CH4 (Up to 13,133%) relative to the atmosphere. However, N2O ranged from 8 to 1,286% and CO2 from 30 to 2075%. N2O fluxes were ∼4.8 times higher in the pre-monsoon than the post-monsoon. CH4 fluxes were ∼3.6 times higher in the pre-monsoon than both the monsoon and the post-monsoon. CO2 fluxes were ∼10 times higher in the monsoon than both the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon. The seasonality in the gas saturation could be linked more to the availability of substrates than physicochemical parameters. Overall, air/water CH4 fluxes varied maximally (0.4–18.4 μmol m−2 d−1), followed by CO2 fluxes (−0.6–10.9 mmol m−2 d−1), and N2O fluxes varied the least of all (−0.6–5.4 μmol m−2 d−1). Interestingly, CH4 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated to each other (p < 0.05), suggesting organic matter decomposition as the key factor in the production of these two gases. Finally, these water–air CO2, CH4, and N2O flux estimates show that the estuaries are a modest source of CH4 but fluctuate between sources and sinks for CO2 and N2O gases.

Distribution and Dynamics of Radiatively Active Gas (RAG) Emissions From Major Estuaries of the Sundarbans Mangrove, India

Mangrove biogeochemistry focuses on large, slow moving reservoirs (atmosphere-biosphere-geosphere-hydrosphere), and their smaller but active exchanges of elements within the reservoirs, mainly driven by biogeochemical activities in the geosphere or sediment. Other than carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) involve in such active cycling of elements and play essential role in the biogeochemical processing of organic matter and primary productivity of mangrove ecosystems. Despite being highly productive, mangroves maintain very low-nutrient level, which has been emphasized earlier in this chapter. Cycling of both N and P in mangrove ecosystem has been discussed, followed by their budget calculations. World mangroves generally act as a sink for essential elements, storing majority into the live biomass and sediment reservoir. A major fraction of the nutrient is conserved and recycled within the organic structure of the ecosystem. Finally, world’s largest deltaic mangrove, the Sundarbans is recognized as one model site for developing regional N and P budget in view of the box model approach.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budget in Mangrove Ecosystem

Temporal variation of atmospheric O3 and its biosphere – atmosphere exchange were monitored in the Sundarbans mangrove forest from January 2011 to December 2011 on bimonthly basis. O3 mixing ratios at 10 m and 20 m heights over the forest atmosphere ranged between 14.66 ± 1.88 to 37.90 ± 0.91 and 19.32 ± 6.27 to 39.80 ± 10.13 ppbv, respectively; having maximal premonsoon and minimal monsoon periods. Average daytime O3 mixing ratio was 1.69 times higher than nighttime; indicates significant photo chemical production of O3 in forest atmosphere. Annual averaged O3 mixing ratio in 10 m height was 13.2 % lower than 20 m height; induces exchange of O3 across mangrove biosphere – atmosphere interface depending upon micrometeorological conditions of the forest ecosystem. Annual average biosphere – atmosphere O3 exchange flux in this mangrove forest environment was – 0.441 μg m -2 s -1 . Extrapolating the value for entire forest surface area, the mangrove ecosystem acts as a sink of 58.4GgO3 annually, indicating significant contribution of Sundarbans mangroves towards regional atmospheric O3 budget as well as climate change.

/pdf/atmospheric-ozone-and-its-biosphere-atmosphere-exchange-in-a-142fva87sl.pdf

Atmospheric Ozone And Its Biosphere - Atmosphere Exchange In A Mangrove Forest Ecosystem: A Case Study From Sundarbans, NE Coast Of India

Karyotype Analysis and 4C Nuclear DNA Estimation in Different Cultivars of Clitoria ternatea L.

Cloud computing offers a paradigm shift in the development and usage of computing resources. While cloud computing has become the default mode of IT service delivery in internet companies, established companies face multiple challenges and uncertainties in adopting a cloud-based IT delivery model. Multiple studies have explored the above problem from the users' point of view. This research tries to address the same problem from cloud service providers' point of view. The qualitative study uses the theoretical framework of value-based selling and involves semi-structured in-depth interviews with eight senior managers with varying experience with cloud service providers, supported by secondary research such as scholarly publications and media reports. The study identified multiple strategies for acquiring more enterprise customers and ensuring higher cloud consumption by large enterprise customers. The research enhances the understanding of the adoption of cloud and other disruptive services and integrates the perspectives of buyers and sellers. 

Sandip Mukhopadhyay

Papers

Distribution and Dynamics of Radiatively Active Gas (RAG) Emissions From Major Estuaries of the Sundarbans Mangrove, India

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budget in Mangrove Ecosystem

Atmospheric Ozone And Its Biosphere - Atmosphere Exchange In A Mangrove Forest Ecosystem: A Case Study From Sundarbans, NE Coast Of India

Karyotype Analysis and 4C Nuclear DNA Estimation in Different Cultivars of Clitoria ternatea L.

Can Value-Based Selling Lead to Higher Enterprise Adoption of Cloud?