Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the major threats facing mankind. The emergence and rapid spread of multi- and pan-drug-resistant organisms (such as vancomycin-, methicillin-, extended -spectrum β-lactam- , carbapenem- and fosfomycin-resistant organisms) has put the world in a dilemma. The health and economic burden associated with AMR on a global scale is dreadful. Available antimicrobials have been misused and are almost ineffective with some of these drugs associated with dangerous side effects in some individuals. Development of new, effective and safe antimicrobials is one of the ways by which AMR burden can be reduced. The rate at which microorganisms develop AMR mechanisms outpaces the rate at which new antimicrobials are being developed. Medicinal plants are potential sources of new antimicrobial molecules. There is renewed interest in antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals. Nigeria boasts of a huge heritage of medicinal plants and there is avalanche of researches that have been undertaken to screen antimicrobial activities of these plants. Scientific compilation of these studies could provide useful information on the antimicrobial properties of the plants. This information can be useful in the development of new antimicrobial drugs. This paper reviews antimicrobial researches that have been undertaken on Nigerian medicinal plants.

Antimicrobial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants.

Tanaman lidah buaya merupakan tanaman khas dari Kalimantan Barat. Tanaman ini mempunyai bagian kulit daun yang bersifat antibakteri, antiinflamasi,  tidak to k sik, dan sampai saat ini merupakan salah satu dari 10 tanaman terlaris di dunia yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan  sebagai tanaman obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sabun cair dari ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen. Ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya dibuat dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Ekstrak selanjutnya diformulasikan menjadi sediaan sabun cair . Evaluasi sediaan yang dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis, penentuan nilai pH, bobot jenis dan tinggi busa. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri sabun cair dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sabun yang dihasilkan berbentuk kental, berwarna putih kekuningan, berbau khas lidah buaya, pH pada hari ke- 0, 7 dan 14 berturut-turut adalah 8; 8,9; dan 9,4,  bobot jenis  1,033 g/ml, tinggi busa pada menit ke-5, 10 dan 15 adalah 76,92%, 19,23% dan 19,23%. S abun cair ekstrak kulit daun lidah buaya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelompok bakteri Gram positif ( Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus ) dan bakteri Gram negatif ( Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli ).

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Antibacterial Activity Assay of the Liquid Soap from the Extract of Aloe vera Leaf Peel

The neutraceutical and antibacterial propert ies of methanol extract of the leaves of Plukenetia conophora were studied as well as physical properties of creams formulated with the extracts. Phytochemical analyses of the contents of the extract were determined using standard methods. The antimicrobial assay of the extracts was investigated and the quality and stability of the creams formulated with the extracts were also studied. Proximate analysis for the extract revealed 6.86±0.07% moisture, 11.78±0.42% protein, 8.57±0.14% total ash, 20.12±0.74% crude fibre, 1.56±0.42% total fat and 51.85±0.08% total carbohydrate. The phytochemical groups identified include alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, sugars, and tannins. Polyphenolic content analysis of the extract revealed:total flavonoids (78.27mg/g), total proanthocyanidins (73.50mg/g) and total phenolic acids (110.71mg/g). Mineral content analysis showed that the extract had some v ital minerals. The antibacterial assay of the extracts displayed activity against Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis. The formulated creams passed the physical and stability studies that were carried out.The phytochemicals present in the extracts indicate the wide range of physiological and medicinal activit ies of the extract and thus support the folk use of Plukenetia conophora as a nutraceutical and antimicrobial. Furthermore, the extract could be formulated as creams with desirable physical properties and stability.

Neutraceutical and antibacterial properties of methanol extract of Plukenetia conophora [Müll.-Arg. family Euphorbiaceae] leaves and physical properties of its cream formulations

The plant Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) has been known for its use in the management of oral thrush ethnomedicinally in various parts of Africa, a practice which has been justified by results of certain scientific studies. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate dosage formulation, a mouthwash and evaluate the antifungal potential of this dosage formulation against a major causative organism of oral thrush, Candida albicans. Extraction of the stem bark was carried out with boiled distilled water, the extract was formulated into mouthwashes at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%w/v. All formulations contained viscosity imparting agent, a sweetener and a preservative. Physical characterisation, viscosity, pH and palatability of the mouthwash formulations were determined. Agar-well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity of the formulations against Candida albicans and Nystatin oral suspension was used as reference compound. The results showed that Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extract mouthwash solutions were brown in colour, had agreeable odour and sweet astringent taste. The pH for all concentrations was in the range 5.41-5.63. The viscosity at spindle no 2, 60rpm range between 0.226-0.238 Pa.S for all concentrations studied. The formulations had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The highest concentration (2.5%w/v) gave mean zone of inhibition of 25.50±0.71mm that was comparable with Nystatin oral suspension 28.00±1.41mm, a reference compound. The foregoing suggests that with little modification in the formulation especially the adjustment of the pH, Bridellia ferruginea mouthwash solutions may be developed into commercially useful preparations.

http://jphs.iautmu.ac.ir/article_531659_e7a4ad48fcaa5ba2c43acf488d5e0f7c.pdf

Antifungal Screening of Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) Stem Bark Extract in Mouthwash Formulations

http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.227 8-0238.2017.6(5).2779-2785 ABSTRACT:The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Cassia fistula, Ficusreligiosa, Milletiapinnataand Wendlandiathyrsoideaand to check the synergistic efficacy of these extracts when combined. The individual extracts and their combinations were evaluated against E coli (MTCC-1698), S aureus (MTCC-1143)and P aeruginosa (MTCC-2453) by agar diffusion method. The percentage growth inhibition of the combined extracts was determined by ditch plate method. The most active extract combinations were formulated as cream and gel including citronella oil and without oil in it. The prepared formulations were evaluated for their antimicrobial effect against two acne causing organisms viz; Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis at various concentrations. The extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial effect in combined form when compared to individual extracts in terms of zones of inhibition as well as percentage inhibition. The prepared cream and gel also exhibited significant antimicrobial effect against the selected strains. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared cream and gel also exhibited satisfactory results.

Evaluation of Synergistic Anti-microbial efficacy of plant extracts and their formulation as Topical Agents

The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem), fresh gel of Aloe vera , combination of the two extracts and the creams formulated with these extracts were evaluated. The preliminary in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts at various concentrations and those of their creams were determined against some microorganisms using the agar cup plate method. The growth inhibition zones of the extracts on the microorganisms were noted. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined by agar dilution method. The physical properties of the creams formulated with these extracts were evaluated using standard procedures. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible to Neem extract of which Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible with the lowest MIC value (2.5mg/ml). The fungal strain Candida albicans had the lowest MIC value (2.0mg/ml) for the Aloe vera gel extract. The MIC values (mg/ml) of Neem leaves against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were 5.00, 5.00, 2.50, 10.00, 2.50, 5.00 respectively, while MIC of Aloe extract were 8.00, 8.00, 4.00, 8.00, 2.00, 4.00 respectively. Among the formulated creams, the formulation containing equal concentrations of the extracts (1:1) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, however the commercial brand Funbact A Â® had better antimicrobial activity. Most of the creams showed comparable physical properties. The study showed that the creams containing equal concentrations of the two ethanolic extracts have high potentials as topical antimicrobial agents especially against skin infections due to the tested Gram positive bacteria and Candida albicans .

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Sandra Ebele Ejimba

Papers

Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Herbal Cream Containing Ethanolic Extracts of Azadirachta indica Leaves and Aloe Vera Gel