The equation of prejudice with antipathy is challenged by recent research on sexism. Benevolent sexism (a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles) coexists with hostile sexism (antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, first validated in U.S. samples, has been administered to over 15,000 men and women in 19 nations. Hostile and benevolent sexism are complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies, both of which predict gender inequality. Women, as compared with men, consistently reject hostile sexism but often endorse benevolent sexism (especially in the most sexist cultures). By rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo, benevolent sexism inhibits gender equality. More generally, affect toward minority groups is often ambivalent, but subjectively positive stereotypes are not necessarily benign.

An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality.

Part 1 Introduction: modifications forms of problematization morality and practice of the self. Part 2 The moral problematization of pleasures: "Aphrodisia" "Chresis" "Enkrateia" freedom and truth. Part 3 Dietetics: regimen in general the diet of pleasures risks and dangers act, expenditure, death. Part 4 Economics: the wisdom of marriage Ischomachus' household three policies of moderation. Part 5 Erotics: a problematic relation a boy's honour the object of pleasure. Part 6 True love.

The use of pleasure

The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism IHS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)-subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS tan affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

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Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures

Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine

For more than a century, hundreds of psychologists have studied race and ethnicity. Yet this scholarship, like American culture at large, has been ambivalent, viewing race and ethnicity both as sources of pride, meaning, and motivation as well as sources of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality. Underlying this ambivalence is widespread confusion about what race and ethnicity are and why they matter. To address this ambivalence and confusion, as well as to deepen the American conversation about race and ethnicity, the article first examines the field's unclear definitions and faulty assumptions. It then offers an integrated definition of race and ethnicity--dynamic sets of historically derived and institutionalized ideas and practices--while noting that race, although often used interchangeably with ethnicity, indexes an asymmetry of power and privilege between groups. Further, it shows how psychology's model of people as fundamentally independent, self-determining entities impedes the field's--and the nation's--understanding of how race and ethnicity influence experience and how the still-prevalent belief that race and ethnicity are biological categories hinders a more complete understanding of these phenomena. Five first propositions of a unified theory of race and ethnicity are offered.

Pride, prejudice, and ambivalence: toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity.

What did women do in ancient Greece and Rome? Did Socrates' wife Xanthippe ever hear his dialogues on beauty and truth? How many many women actually read the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides? When pagan goddesses were as powerful as gods, why was the status of women generally so low? Why, in traditional histories, is half the population effectively invisible? This unique and important book spans a period of 1500 years - from the fall of Troy to the death of Constantine. It examines all the available evidence - literary and archaeological - and reconstructs the lives of women from all classes of society.

Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity

1. Confronting slavery at Rome 2. The slave society of Rome 3. The Roman slave supply 4. Slave labour 5. Quality of life 6. Resisting slavery 7. Change and continuity 8. Slavery and progress 9. To be a slave Bibliographical essay List of works cited Index.

K. R. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Key Themes in Ancient History). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xiv + 202. ISBN 0-521-37287-9 (bound); 0-521-37887-7 (paper). £35.00/US17.95 (paper).

Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves

The Oeconomicus is unique in Greek literature in combining a discussion of the proper management of an oikos (`family', `household', or `estate') and didactic material on agriculture within a Socratic dialogue. It is one of the richest primary sources for the social, economic, and intellectual history of classical Athens. It contains valuable information and raises questions of perennial interest on marriage; the innate moral, physical, and mental qualities of men and women; the functioning of domestic and public economies; rural and urban life; Greek slavery; popular religion; the role of education, and many other topics. Despite the current widespread interest in the subjects discussed in the Oeconomicus, this text has been largely neglected. In this book Professor Pomeroy provides a new translation to complement the Oxford Classical Text, and a comprehensive introduction and commentary, making the book readily accessible to those both with and without Greek. She covers a wide range of subjects including agriculture, philosophy, and social, military, intellectual, and economic history. It should be of special interest to scholars and students of classics, history, philosophy, as well as women's studies.

Xenophon, Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary

With this volume Sarah Pomeroy builds on the groundwork she laid in Xenophon Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary (Oxford, 1994) and provides the first comprehensive study of the Greek family. Knowledge of the family and kin groups is fundamental to understanding the development of the political and legal framework of the polis, a community of oikoi ('families' or 'households') rather than of individual citizens. Pomeroy offers a highly original and authoritative account of the Greek family as a productive and reproductive social unit in Athens and elsewhere during the classical and Hellenistic periods, taking account of a mass of literary, inscriptional, archaeological, anthropological, and art-historical evidence. Despite the unflagging scholarly interest in the development of the polis, until recently little attention has been paid to the history and structure of its smallest constituent, the oikos. Pomeroy seeks to show that the Greek oikos had several versions: a pseudo-kin group restricted to male citizens; a mixed family group oriented toward the public, in which men predominated; and a family group of a more private nature that accommodated women to a greater extent, though without necessarily excluding men. Public legislation and private custom concurred to perpetuate the oikoi, expecting it to endure longer than the lifespan of any individual member and to bear economic and social burdens imposed by the state.

Sarah B. Pomeroy

Papers

Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity

K. R. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Key Themes in Ancient History). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xiv + 202. ISBN 0-521-37287-9 (bound); 0-521-37887-7 (paper). £35.00/US17.95 (paper).

Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves

Xenophon, Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary

Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: Representations and Realities