To say that this is the best book on the quantum theory of fields is no praise, since to my knowledge it is the only book on this subject But it is a very good and most useful book The original was written in German and appeared in 1942 This is a translation with some minor changes A few remarks have been added, concerning meson theory and nuclear forces, also footnotes referring to modern work in this field, and finally an appendix on the symmetrization of the energy momentum tensor according to Belinfante Quantum Theory of Fields Prof Gregor Wentzel Translated from the German by Charlotte Houtermans and J M Jauch Pp ix + 224, (New York and London: Interscience Publishers, Inc, 1949) 36s

Quantum Theory of Fields

In recent decades, the concern over depletion of the world׳s petroleum reserves and environmental pollution has increased the demand to develop a renewable and environmental friendly fuel. Biodiesel, which mainly consists of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) is one of the best substitutes for diesel fuel. Currently, vegetable oils, edible or non-edible, are the main resources of biodiesel. This review aims at providing comprehensive information and analyzes on biodiesel produced from edible and non-edible vegetable oils, their composition and specifications. Accordingly, the Fatty Acid (FA) profiles of 28 edible vegetable oils and 40 non-edible vegetable oils were collected. Their main specifications including sulfur content, density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, cetane number, iodine number, heating value, acid value and carbon residual before and after transesterification (vegetable oil and biodiesel, respectively) were analyzed in detail. Many researchers have developed prediction models to quantify biodiesel specifications to optimize its manufacturing and obtain biodiesel with the best specifications. Three factors that are especially influential are the fatty acids profiles, the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures and molecular weight. Accordingly, many models have been constructed on these features. There are also models that quantify the relationship between the biodiesel specifications and its thermodynamic properties or other specifications. Accordingly, the second part of this work was conducted on the existing prediction models. All the models were discussed along with their deviation in prediction.

A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models

Ta-Pei Cheng and Ling-Fong Li 1984 Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press xi + 536 pp price £35 (£15 paperback) ISBN 0 19 851956 7 Hdbk, 0 19 851961 3Pbk This book is an excellent summary of gauge theories in particle physics, intended for advanced graduate students and research workers in the field. It presupposes both a knowledge of elementary particle phenomenology and of quantum field theory at the level taught in first-year postgraduate lecture courses.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/36/5/028/pdf

Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral. Although the homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, much attention is currently paid toward the chemical synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement and easily recovered, thus enhancing reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Furthermore, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area, and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlights the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts (including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts) derived from different chemicals, as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.

/pdf/widely-used-catalysts-in-biodiesel-production-a-review-3ko71t0w7i.pdf

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

We study an extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model by an anomalous Abelian vector multiplet and a St\"uckelberg multiplet. The anomalies are cancelled by the Green-Schwarz mechanism and the addition of Chern-Simons terms. The advantage of this choice over the standard one is that it allows for arbitrary values of the quantum numbers of the extra $U(1)$. As a first step toward the study of hadron annihilations producing four leptons in the final state (a clean signal which might be studied at LHC), we then compute the decays ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Z}_{0}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Z}_{0}{Z}_{0}$. We find that the largest values of the decay rate are $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, while the expected number of events per year at LHC is at most of the order of 10.

Minimal Anomalous U(1)' Extension of the MSSM

In this paper, the non-edible Mesua ferrea L. (MFL) seed oil with an acid value 18.8 mg KOH/g of oil, was tranesterified in the presence 1 MPa hydrogen pressure and also without the application of external pressure at 250–275 °C for 1 hour. The heterogeneous 1–5 wt.% Musa balbisiana Colla underground stem (MBCUS) ash catalyst was used during transesterification. The catalyst has a nano-metric dimension and has a versatile composition that consist of several alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, non-transition metal oxides and nonmetal oxides. The resultant biodiesel was separated using rotary vacuum evaporator and purified using molecular sieve and carbon columns. The biodiesel so obtained from MFL seed oil have been characterized as per available methods and found that the fuel properties are in conformity to ASTM and EN standards. 5 wt.% catalyst was found more effective as compared to other composition during ethanolysis. The effect of hydrogen pressure upon tranesterification was found negligible. Ethanol is a renewable liquid because it is made from renewable precursor such as biomass. It is expected that the use of whole renewable precursor during the process will fulfil the demand of 100% Green Technology for biodiesel production.

/pdf/green-technology-for-biodiesel-production-from-mesua-ferrea-3oj2pyi4xl.pdf

Green Technology for Biodiesel Production From Mesua Ferrea L. Seed Oil

W{sup {plus_minus}}H{sup {minus_plus}}Z{sub i} (i=1,2) vertices available exclusively in the extra U(1) superstring-inspired model have been utilized to evaluate the W-W-{gamma} vertex contribution at the one loop level. The expressions so obtained have been used to estimate the anomalous magnetic dipole moment ({Delta}k{sub WZ{sub i}H}) and electric quadrupole moment ({Delta}Q{sub WZ{sub i}H}) of the W{sup +} boson. The contribution of the Z{sub 2}WW vertex is also added to these values. The resulting values in the unit of ({minus}{alpha}/{pi}) when the Z{sub 2} mass varies from 555 to 620 GeV have the following ranges: for m{sub t(CDF)}=175.6GeV, {Delta}k{sub [U(1)]}, from 25.402 to 41.559, {Delta}Q{sub [U(1)]}, from 6.886 to 10.858; for m{sub t(D0)}=169GeV, {Delta}k{sub [U(1)]}, from 20.821 to 34.121, {Delta}Q{sub [U(1)]}, from 5.738 to 9.033. These are larger than the standard model radiative correction contributions but an order of magnitude smaller than those predicted by the composite model of Abbott and Farhi.

Contribution of W{sup {plus_minus}}H{sup {minus_plus}}Z{sub i} vertices to anomalous magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the W boson in the extra U(1) superstring-inspired model

We explore the sensitivity of the semileptonic decays ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${K}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ to mirror-lepton mixing and find that the existing data on these decays yield upper limits \ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$\ensuremath{\Vert},\ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\le}34.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$,${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) on the mixing angles which are not far from the best present limits. The angular distribution of \ensuremath{\pi} (K) for the decay of polarized \ensuremath{\tau}, if measured, could distinguish between ultralight- and heavy-mirror-neutrino mixing models. In addition, the angular correlation of the decay products of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ for the process ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ could be useful in discerning charged-mirror-lepton mixing.

Mirror-lepton mixing in tau decays.

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and U(1)-prime symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D, D+{\c}along with the study of heavy Z-prime boson in accordance with the top quark mass region For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs)pertaining to the anomaly free E-{\6}-Eta model of rank 5 The Z-prime is found to the order of TeV or above with allowed small Z-Zprime mixing angle, for which the large singlet VEV is required This is done by considering the only non-universality of Yukawa couplings at GUT scale because these do not obey the E-{\6}relationship and also satisfies the unitarity constraints both at GUT and weak scale, where rest of the parameters, ie, gaugino masses, tri-linear couplings, and soft supersymmetric breaking masses are kept universal at GUT scale with the gauge couplings unification The large value of Yukawa couplings (order of 1) triggered the symmetry breaking radiatively and induces the effective-Mu parameter at the electroweak scale and lead to a viable low energy spectrum at weak scale

Signatures of heavy $Z^\prime$ in the extra U(1) superstring inspired model: RGEs analysis

The process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is reexamined with the inclusion of mixing between ordinary leptons and exotic leptons of the types (i) mirror, (ii) vector doublet, and (iii) vector singlet. The effects of mixings are discussed in terms of the expected relative deviations from the standard-model predictions for the total cross section, the forward-backward asymmetry, the differential angular distribution for unpolarized $W'\mathrm{s}$, and the inclusive angular distributions for longitudinally ($L$) and transversely ($T$) polarized $W'\mathrm{s}$ with and without charge identification at energies of the CERN collider LEP II ($\sqrt{s}\ensuremath{\approx}190$ GeV). These deviations are evaluated for three extreme cases of mixing: (I) mixing in the neutral-lepton sector only, (II) mixing in the charged-lepton sector only, and (III) equal mixings in both sectors. The expected relative deviations are presented as a function of the scattering angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ as well as the exotic-neutrino mass ${m}_{N}$ and the square of the mixing angle ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\psi}$. For case (I), all three types of exotic leptons have identical mixing effects. For a run of 500-${\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data, with ${m}_{N}\ensuremath{\ge}250$ GeV and $\ensuremath{\psi}={10}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$, the expected relative deviations are more than one standard deviation (SD) error in $d\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for all values of $\ensuremath{\theta}$, in $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{TT}}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for $cos\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ge}0.4$, and in $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for $|cos\ensuremath{\theta}|\ensuremath{\le}0.6$. For case (II), the deviations are almost the same for mirror and vector singlet type of exotic leptons. Further, the deviations in $d\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{TT}}$, and $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{LT+TL}$ are not sensitive to ${m}_{N}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$. For a run of 500-${\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data, and for ${m}_{N}\ensuremath{\ge}50$ GeV with ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\approx}0.03$, the expected deviations are more than 2 SD error. For case (III), the mixing effects are negligible for vector doublet type of exotic leptons. For mirror and vector singlet leptons with ${m}_{N}\ensuremath{\ge}50$ GeV and presently allowed upper limits ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\psi}=0.01\ensuremath{-}0.06$, the deviations in $d\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}$, $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{TT}}$, and $d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{LT+TL}$ are between -7.9% and -18.3%, which would be discernible for a run of 500-${\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data.

Sardar Singh

Papers

Green Technology for Biodiesel Production From Mesua Ferrea L. Seed Oil

Contribution of W{sup {plus_minus}}H{sup {minus_plus}}Z{sub i} vertices to anomalous magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the W boson in the extra U(1) superstring-inspired model

Mirror-lepton mixing in tau decays.

Signatures of heavy $Z^\prime$ in the extra U(1) superstring inspired model: RGEs analysis

Possible deviations due to exotic-lepton mixings in the process e+e--->W+W-