We aimed to review computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography of congenital anomalies of pulmonary veins. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return shows all pulmonary veins drain abnormally in another site rather than left atrium. Imaging can detect anomalous veins either supracardiac, infracardiac, or mixed. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return shows some pulmonary vein have abnormal drainage that well delineated with computed tomography angiography. Scimitar syndrome is a type of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return where the pulmonary veins of the right lung drain infracardiac and is associated with right lung hypoplasia and dextrocardia. Pseudoscimitar show anomalous vein that takes a tortuous course and drains into the left atrium producing a false-positive scimitar sign. Cor triatriatum shows septum divide left atrium with proximal chamber receives blood flow from the pulmonary veins. Levoatriocardinal vein is an anomalous connection between the left atrium and anomalous vein from systemic venous system that is embryo logically derived from the cardinal veins. Computed tomography angiography can detect pulmonary vein stenosis, atresia, hypoplasia, and varix. Imaging is important for intimal diagnosis and detects the anomalous vessels and its connection, presence of stenosis, and associated other congenital cardiac anomalies. Also, it is a great role in assessment of patients after surgery.

Computed Tomography Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Congenital Anomalies of Pulmonary Veins.

CT angiography of anomalous pulmonary veins

We aim to review CT angiography (CTA) of anomalous pulmonary veins. The anomalous caliber of pulmonary veins includes stenosis, hypoplasia, atresia, and venous varix. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return shows abnormal drainage of the four pulmonary veins in another site rather than the left atrium. Imaging can detect anomalous veins either supracardiac, infracardiac, or mixed type. The second type of anomalous drainage is partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), which means that some but not all pulmonary veins have abnormal drainage that is well evaluated with CTA. Scimitar syndrome is a type of PAPVR where the right lung venous return drains infracardiac with usual association with hypoplastic right lung as well as dextrocardia. Pseudo-scimitar is characterized by a tortuous anomalous vein that finally has left atrial drainage giving a false- or pseudo-scimitar sign. Cortriatriatum sinister is characterized by a septum dividing the left atrium into two chambers: a proximal chamber that receives pulmonary venous blood return and another distal chamber connected to the left ventricle. Levoatriocardinal vein is an abnormal vein derived from the cardinal veins connecting the systemic venous system to the left atrium. 

Congenital Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Pulmonary Artery Branch Stenosis: A Rare Combination

As the number of catheterization laboratory procedures increase, there is more incidence of retention of foreign body in the form of torn catheters or devices or stents. Improvised snares are necessary in the absence of readymade snares. Retrieval of peripherally inserted central catheter from the pulmonary artery can be very challenging sometimes. Very few case reports are available regarding retrieval of dislodged stent from right profunda femoris artery.

Two case reports of retrieval of peripherally inserted central catheter from pulmonary artery and dislodged stent from arteria profunda femoris using improvised snares

Satyendra Nath Dutta

Papers

Congenital Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Pulmonary Artery Branch Stenosis: A Rare Combination

Two case reports of retrieval of peripherally inserted central catheter from pulmonary artery and dislodged stent from arteria profunda femoris using improvised snares