Section I: Anatomy Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum, Kidneys, and Ureters Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genitalia Section II: Clinical Decision Making Evaluation of the Urologic Patient: History, Physical Examination, and Urinalysis Urinary Tract Imaging: Basic Principles Outcomes Research Section III: Basics of Urologic Surgery Basic Instrumentation and Cystoscopy Basics of Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery Section IV: Infections and Inflammation Infections of the Urinary Tract-A. Schaeffer Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract Interstitial Cystitis and Related Disorders Sexually Transmitted and Associated Diseases Urological Implications of AIDS and Related Conditions Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia Tuberculosis and Other Opportunistic Infections of the Genitourinary System Section V: Molecular and Cellular Biology Basic Principles of Immunology Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Tissue Engineering Perspectives for Reconstructive Surgery Section VI: Reproductive and Sexual Function Male Reproductive Physiology Male Infertility Surgical Management of Male Infertility Physiology of Erectile Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, Nonsurgical Management Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Erectile Dysfunction Prosthetic Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Peyronie's Disease Priapism Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction Section VII: Male Genitalia Neoplasms of the Testis Surgery of Testicular Tumors Tumors of the Penis Surgery of Penile and Urethral Carcinoma Surgery of the Penis and Urethra Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles Section VIII: Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renovascular Hypertension Section IX: Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma Pathophysiology of Obstruction Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction Upper Urinary Tract Trauma Section X: Renal Failure and Transplantation Renal Transplantation Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Renal Failure Section XI: Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology Urinary Lithiasis: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi Ureteroscopy and Retrograde Ureteral Access Percutaneous Approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract Section XII: Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract Renal Tumors Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Open Surgery of the Kidney Laparoscopic Surgery of the Kidney Ablative Therapy for Renal Tumors Section XIII: The Adrenals Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders Surgery of the Adrenals Section XIV: Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra Pathophysiology, Categorization, and Management of Voiding Dysfunction Urodynamic and Video dynamic Evaluation of Voiding Dysfunction Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract Urinary Incontinence: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Overview of Management The Overactive Bladder Pharmacologic Management of Storage and Emptying Failure Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence: Behavioral and Pelvic Floor Therapy, Urethral and Pelvic Devices Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery for Sphincteric Incontinence Pubovaginal Slings Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedures Injection Therapy for Urinary Incontinence Additional Treatment for Storage and Emptying Failure Geriatric Voiding Dysfunction and Urinary Incontinence Urinary Tract Fistulae Bladder and Urethral Diverticula Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male: The Artificial Genitourinary Sphincter Perineal Sling Procedures Section XV: Bladder Lower Genitourinary Calculi and Trauma Urothelial Tumors of the Bladder Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer Management of Metastatic and Invasive Bladder Cancer Surgery of Bladder Cancer Laparoscopic Bladder Surgery Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion Orthotopic Urinary Diversion Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma Lower Urinary Tract Calculi Section XVI: Prostate Molecular Biology, Endocrinology, and Physiology of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Natural History, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Retropubic and Superpubic Open Radical Prostatectomy Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasms Ultrasonography and Biopsy of the Prostate Tumor Markers in Prostate Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging of Prostate Cancer Definitive Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer: Outcomes Expectant Management of Prostate Cancer Anatomic Retrograde Retropubic Prostatectomy Radical Perineal Prostatectomy Laparoscopic and Robotic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Cryotherapy of Prostate Cancer Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Management of Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen after Definitive Therapy Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer Management of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer Section XVII: Pediatric Urology Normal and Anomalous Development of the Urinary Tract Renal Function in the Fetus Congenital Obstructive Uropathy Perinatal Urology Evaluation of Pediatric Urologic Patient Renal Disease in Childhood Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children Anomalies of the Kidney Renal Dysplasia and Cystic Disease of Kidney Anomalies and Surgery of the Ureteropelvic Junction Ectopic Ureter Vesicoureteral Reflux Prune-Belly Syndrome Exstrophy and Epispadias Complex Surgical Technique for One-Stage Exstrophy Reconstruction Bladder Anomalies in Children Posterior Urethral Valves and Other Urethral Anomalies Voiding Dysfunction in Children: Neurogenic and Non-neurogenic Urinary Tract Reconstruction Hypospadias Abnormalities of External Genitalia in Boys Abnormalities of Testis and Scrotum: Surgical Management Sexual Differentiation: Normal and Abnormal Surgical Management of Intersex Pediatric Oncology Pediatric Endourology and Laparoscopy Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma

Campbell-Walsh urology

The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

https://www.imop.gr/sites/default/files/eau_guidelines_non-neurogenic_male_luts.pdf

EAU Guidelines on the Treatment and Follow-up of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Including Benign Prostatic Obstruction

The introduction of an effective blood test, prostate specific antigen (PSA), has made it possible to diagnose more and more men in an earlier stage where they can be offered potentially curative treatments. The other side of the coin is that if effective diagnostic procedures are used unselectively in elderly men with a short life expectancy, a problem with over diagnosis and over treatment might occur. Thus the same stage of prostate cancer may need different treatment strategies, pending on the patient’s life expectancy. This, and many other issues regarding the disease, is the subject of the EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. G UI DE LI N ES O N P RO ST AT E CA N CE R 10

/pdf/guidelines-on-prostate-cancer-xdnunn4th8.pdf

Guidelines on Prostate Cancer

The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is a widely used, multi-dimensional self-report instrument for the evaluation of male sexual function. It is has been recommended as a primary endpoint for clinical trials of erectile dysfunction (ED) and for diagnostic evaluation of ED severity. The IIEF was developed in conjunction with the clinical trial program for sildenafil, and has since been adopted as the 'gold standard' measure for efficacy assessment in clinical trials of ED. It has been linguistically validated in 32 languages and used as a primary endpoint in more than 50 clinical trials. This review summarizes early stages in the psychometric validation of the instrument, its subsequent adoption in randomized clinical trials with sildenafil and other ED therapies, and its use in classifying ED severity and prevalence. The IIEF meets psychometric criteria for test reliability and validity, has a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, and correlates well with other measures of treatment outcome. It has demonstrated consistent and robust treatment responsiveness in studies in USA, Europe and Asia, as well as in a wide range of etiological subgroups. Although only one direct comparator trial has been performed to date, the IIEF is also sensitive to therapeutic effects with treatment agents other than sildenafil. A severity classification for ED has recently been developed, in addition to a brief screening version of the instrument. This review includes the strengths as well as limitations of the IIEF, along with some potential areas for future research.

The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): a state-of-the-science review.

Incidence of Urethral Stricture After Primary Treatment for Prostate Cancer: Data From CaPSURE

Male Urethral Stricture: American Urological Association Guideline.

Rat bite fever, caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, is a systemic illness classically characterized by fever, rigors, and polyarthralgias. If left untreated, it carries a mortality rate of 10%. Unfortunately, its nonspecific initial presentation combined with difficulties in culturing its causative organism produces a significant risk of delay or failure in diagnosis. The increasing popularity of rats and other rodents as pets, together with the risk of invasive or fatal disease, demands increased attention to rat bite fever as a potential diagnosis. The clinical and biological features of rat bite fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis are reviewed, providing some distinguishing features to assist the clinician and microbiologist in diagnosis.

Sean P. Elliott

Papers

Incidence of Urethral Stricture After Primary Treatment for Prostate Cancer: Data From CaPSURE

Male Urethral Stricture: American Urological Association Guideline.

Rat Bite Fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis

Long-Term Followup of the Ventrally Placed Buccal Mucosa Onlay Graft in Bulbar Urethral Reconstruction

Practice Patterns in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Surgical Therapy: The Dramatic Increase in Minimally Invasive Technologies