Amid the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, the closure of educational institutes leads to an unprecedented rise in online learning. For limiting the impact of COVID-19 and obstructing its widespread, educational institutions closed their campuses immediately and academic activities are moved to e-learning platforms. The effectiveness of e-learning is a critical concern for both students and parents, specifically in terms of its suitability to students and teachers and its technical feasibility with respect to different social scenarios. Such concerns must be reviewed from several aspects before e-learning can be adopted at such a larger scale. This study endeavors to investigate the effectiveness of e-learning by analyzing the sentiments of people about e-learning. Due to the rise of social media as an important mode of communication recently, people’s views can be found on platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, etc. This study uses a Twitter dataset containing 17,155 tweets about e-learning. Machine learning and deep learning approaches have shown their suitability, capability, and potential for image processing, object detection, and natural language processing tasks and text analysis is no exception. Machine learning approaches have been largely used both for annotation and text and sentiment analysis. Keeping in view the adequacy and efficacy of machine learning models, this study adopts TextBlob, VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning), and SentiWordNet to analyze the polarity and subjectivity score of tweets’ text. Furthermore, bearing in mind the fact that machine learning models display high classification accuracy, various machine learning models have been used for sentiment classification. Two feature extraction techniques, TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) and BoW (Bag of Words) have been used to effectively build and evaluate the models. All the models have been evaluated in terms of various important performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The results reveal that the random forest and support vector machine classifier achieve the highest accuracy of 0.95 when used with Bow features. Performance comparison is carried out for results of TextBlob, VADER, and SentiWordNet, as well as classification results of machine learning models and deep learning models such as CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), LSTM (Long Short Term Memory), CNN-LSTM, and Bi-LSTM (Bidirectional-LSTM). Additionally, topic modeling is performed to find the problems associated with e-learning which indicates that uncertainty of campus opening date, children’s disabilities to grasp online education, and lagging efficient networks for online education are the top three problems.

Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling on Tweets about Online Education during COVID-19

A Mobile ad hoc Network or MANET is a wireless network of mobile devices that has the ability to self-configure and self-organise and is characterised by an absence of centralised administration and network infrastructure. An appreciable number of routing protocols used in a typical MANET have left the critical aspect of security out of consideration by assuming that all of its constituent nodes are trustworthy and non-malicious. In this paper, we discuss some of the major threats that such networks are vulnerable to, because of these inherently insecure protocols. The focus is specifically on the source-initiated and on-demand routing protocols. Further, solutions and modifications to these protocols that have been proposed over time, enabling them to mitigate the aforementioned threats to some extent, are also analysed.

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Surveying Solutions to Securing On-Demand Routing Protocols in MANETs

Ad hoc networks represent a promising communication technology that targets the ensuring of connectivity in special scenarios in which dedicated infrastructure cannot be used. The core of ad hoc networks is represented by the ad hoc routing protocols. These routing protocols raise specific security aspects that need to be taken care of. Many propositions of secure ad hoc routing protocols had been made, but very few actual implementations exist and are used. Through the work presented in this paper we present a less applied research methodology that we believe it can increase the confidence in the security of ad hoc networks: formal verification of the security properties of ad hoc routing protocols. Our target is a particular class of routing protocols: secure explicit on-demand ad hoc routing protocols. By taking as a case study Ariadne protocol, we will show how HLPSL and AVISPA can be used to model and to validate the security properties of this kind of routing protocols. We will show that the novelty of our work is given by the tools that are used, because they increase the automation degree of the verification process.

On modeling and formally verifying secure explicit on-demand ad hoc routing protocols

In the hotel tourism sector, of course, it cannot be separated from the role of social media because tourists tend to share experiences about services and products offered by a hotel, such as adding pictures, reviews, and ratings which will be helpful as references for other tourists, for example on the media online TripAdvisor. However, tourists' many experiences regarding a hotel make some people feel confused in determining the right hotel to visit. Therefore, in this study, an aspect-based analysis of reviews on hotels is carried out, which will make it easier for tourists to determine the right hotel based on the best category aspects. The dataset used is the TripAdvisor Hotel Reviews dataset which is already on the Kaggle website. And has five aspects, namely Room, Location, Cleanliness, Registration, and Service. A review analysis was carried out into positive and negative categories using the Random Forest, SVM, and Naive Bayes based Hybrid Classifier methods to solve this problem. In this study the Hybrid Classifier method gets better accuracy than the classification using one algorithm on multi-aspect data, namely the Hybrid Classifier got an average accuracy 84%, Naive Bayes got an average accuracy 82.4%, Random Forest got an average accuracy 82.2%, and use SVM got an average accuracy 81%

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Multi-Aspect Sentiment Analysis Hotel Review Using RF, SVM, and Naïve Bayes based Hybrid Classifier

An ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless communication network supporting mobile users without any existing infrastructure. Security is an essential requirement in mobile ad hoc network to provide protected communication between mobile nodes by establishing robust and fault free route. Several secure routing protocols like SEAD, SAODV and SRP exists ensuring the three security pillars namely Confidentiality Integrity and Availability. Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc Network (ARAN) fills the void created by deficiencies in other protocols by providing authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation sans confidentiality. The proposed system demands the use of reputation in ad hoc network for efficient trust routers and relays in ARAN by tolerating the overhead caused by communication, computation and storage complexities. Simulation results in NS2 accurately predict the performance of proposed scheme in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, average path length, average route acquisition and control overhead under varying network conditions.

Highly Reputed Authenticated Routing in MANET (HRARAN)

In today’s world, it has become customary to collect opinions and reviews from people through various surveys, polls, social media platform and analyse them in order to understand the preferences of customers. So, in order to understand the sentiments of customers and their view on the services offered by producers, there comes the need for an accurate and canonical mechanism for speculating and anticipating sentiments which possess the ability to fabricate a positive or negative impact in the market and thus making this kind of analysis important for the pair of producers and consumers. In this paper, the main focus is to anatomize the reviews conveyed by viewers on various movies and to use this analysis to understand the customers’ sentiments and market behaviour for better customer experience.

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Sentiment Analysis of Movie Reviews using Machine Learning Classifiers

Ad hoc network allow nodes to communicate beyond their direct wireless transmission range by introducing cooperation in mobile computer (nodes). Many proposed routing protocol for ad hoc network operate in an ad hoc fashion, as on demand routing protocol often have low overhead and faster reaction time than other type of routing based on periodic protocol. However variety of attacks targeting routing protocol have been identified. By attacking the routing protocol attacker can absorb network traffic, inject them in the path between source and destination and can thus control network traffic. So many secure routing protocols have been developed that deals with these attacks. This paper analyzes the security aspects of one commonly used secure routing protocol ARAN

Analyzing security of Authenticated Routing Protocol (ARAN)

the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a generic framework supporting multiple types of authentication methods. In systems where EAP is used for authentication, it is desirable to not repeat the entire EAP exchange with another authenticator. The EAP re- authentication Protocol provides a consistent, method- independent and low-latency re-authentication. It is extension to current EAP mechanism to support intra- domain handoff authentication. This paper analyzed the performance of the EAP re-authentication protocol, and compared it with that of the EAP-TLS protocol. The result shows that the authentication delay of EAP re- authentication protocol is only twentieth of that in the EAP- TLS protocol. Keywords- ERP; EAP-TLS; EMSK; RADIUS

The comparative cost analysis of EAP Re-authentication Protocol and EAP TLS Protocol

Extensible Authentication Protocol is a generic framework supporting multiple types of authentication methods. In systems where EAP is used for authentication, it is desirable to not repeat the entire EAP exchange with another authenticator. Microsoft has developed EAP TLS which is an authentication protocol based on TLS (Transport Layer Security). Authentication server and client use TLS protocol to negotiate session key. The EAP re-authentication Protocol provides a consistent, method-independent and low-latency reauthentication. It is extension to current EAP mechanism to support intra-domain handoff authentication. This paper analyzed the security cost of EAP TLS & ERP with increased processor speed.

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Seema Mehla

Papers

Sentiment Analysis of Movie Reviews using Machine Learning Classifiers

Analyzing security of Authenticated Routing Protocol (ARAN)

The comparative cost analysis of EAP Re-authentication Protocol and EAP TLS Protocol

Analyzing EAP TLS and ERP Protocol with varying processor speed