https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

Isolation and synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids

Because of the tremendous effort of a great number of researchers, the catalytic asymmetric dialkylzinc addition to aldehydes has become a mature method. Ligands of diverse structures have been obtained, and high enantioselectivity for all different types of aldehydes have been achieved. Among the representative excellent catalysts are compounds 1, 8, 120, 325, 352, and 360 discussed above. However, compared to the well-developed dialkylzinc addition, the catalytic asymmetric reactions of aryl-, vinyl-, and alkynylzinc reagents with aldehydes are still very much under developed. Although catalysts such as (S)-402 and 210 prepared by Pu and Bolm have shown good enantioselectivity for the reaction of diphenylzinc with certain aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, the generality of these catalysts for other [formula: see text] arylzinc reagents have not been studied. The vinylzinc additions using ligands 1 and 412 reported by Oppolzer and Wipf were highly enantioselective for certain aromatic aldehydes but not as good for aliphatic aldehydes. Carreira discovered highly enantioselective alkynylzinc additions to aldehydes promoted by the chiral amino alcohol 415, but this process was not catalytic yet. Ishizaki achieved good enantioselectivity for the catalytic alkynylzinc addition to certain aldehydes by using compounds 160, but the enantioselectivity for simple linear aliphatic aldehydes was low. Another much less explored area is the organozinc addition to ketones. Yus and Fu showed very promising results by using ligands 381 and 406 for both dialkylzinc and diphenylzinc additions to ketones, but the scope of these reactions were still very limited. Therefore, more work is needed for the aryl-, vinyl-, and alkynylzinc additions and for the organozinc addition to ketones, although many good catalysts have been obtained for the dialkylzinc addition to aldehydes. Development of these reactions will allow the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a great variety of functional chiral alcohols that are either the structural units or synthons of many important organic molecules as well as molecules of biological functions. Macromolecular chiral catalysts have become a very attractive research subject in recent years because these materials offer the advantages of simplified product isolation, easy recovery of the generally quite expensive chiral catalysts, and potential use for continuous production. Three types of macromolecules including flexible achiral polymers anchored with chiral catalysts, rigid and sterically regular main chain chiral polymers, and chiral dendrimers have been used for the asymmetric organozinc addition to aldehydes. Among these materials, the binaphthyl-based polymers such as (R)-451 developed by Pu have shown very high and general enantioselectivity. Study of the binaphthyl polymers in the asymmetric organozinc addition has demonstrated that it is possible to systematically modify the structure and function of the rigid and sterically regular polymer for the development of highly enantioselective polymer catalysts. The catalytic properties of highly enantioselective monomer catalysts can also be preserved in the rigid and sterically regular polymer provided the catalytically active species of the monomer catalyst is not its aggregate. The TADDOL-based polymers and dendrimers prepared by Seebach showed very high and stable enantioselectivity for the diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde even after many cycles. These studies on macromolecular chiral catalysts demonstrate that these materials are potentially very useful for practical applications.

Catalytic Asymmetric Organozinc Additions to Carbonyl Compounds

II.2.1. Homogeneous Systems 2166 II.2.2. Heterogeneous Systems 2168 II.3. Hydride Transfer Reduction 2169 II.3.1. Homogeneous Systems 2169 II.3.2. Heterogeneous Systems 2171 II.4. Hydrosilylation 2172 III. C−O Bond Formation 2173 III.1. Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Olefins 2173 III.1.1. Homogeneous Catalysis 2173 III.1.2. Heterogeneous System 2176 III.2. Dihydroxylation of Olefins 2178 III.2.1. Homogeneous Systems 2178 III.2.2. Heterogeneous System 2178 III.3. Ring Opening of Meso Epoxides 2180 III.4. Kinetic Resolution 2180 III.4.1. Terminal Epoxides 2180 III.4.2. Secondary Alcohols 2181 IV. C−H Bond Oxidation 2181 IV.1. Allylic and Benzylic Oxidation 2181 IV.2. Baeyer−Villiger-type Reaction 2181 IV.3. Wacker-type Cyclization 2182 V. S−O Bond Formation 2182 VI. C−N Bond Formation 2183 VI.1. Hydroboration/Amination 2183 VI.2. Enolate Amination 2183 VI.3. Aza-Claisen Rearrangement 2183 VI.4. Azide Synthesis 2184 VI.5. Aminohydroxylation 2184 VI.6. Aziridine Synthesis 2184 VI.7. C−N Bond Formation via S−N Bond Formation 2185

Nitrogen-containing ligands for asymmetric homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.

The Walden memorial at the Technical University in Riga is pictured in the frontispiece to mark the recent centennial of the Walden inversion. This is a rare public monument to key events from the first era of exploration in stereocontrolled synthesis, and may be the only such monument to use the language of organic chemistry expressed at the molecular level. The reaction of racemic substrates with chiral nucleophiles is one of many methods currently known to achieve kinetic resolution, a phenomenon that ranks as the oldest and most general approach for the synthesis of highly enantioenriched substances. The first nonenzymatic kinetic resolutions as well as the original forms of the Walden inversion were studied in the 1890s. All of these investigations were conducted within the first generation following the demonstration that carbon is tetrahedral, and provided abundant evidence that the principles and importance of enantiocontrolled syntheses were understood. However, a reliable, rapid technique to quantify results and guide the optimization process was still lacking. Many decades passed before this problem was solved by the advent of HPLC and GLPC assays on chiral supports, which stimulated explosive growth in the synthesis of nonracemic substances by kinetic resolution. The Walden monument is accessible to passers-by for hands-on inspection as well as for contemplation and learning. In a similar way, kinetic resolution is experimentally accessible and can be thought-provoking at several levels. We follow the story of kinetic resolution from the early discoveries through fascinating historical milestones and conceptual developments, and close with a focus on modern techniques that maximize efficiency.

Efficiency in nonenzymatic kinetic resolution.

Catalytic enantioselective deprotonation of meso-compound is achieved for the first time by the combined use of a catalytic amount of chiral lithium amide, lithium (S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidide, and excess lithium diisopropylamide in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.

Catalytic enantioselective deprotonation of meso-epoxides by the use of chiral lithium amide

A Novel Highly Effective Chiral Lithium Amide for Catalytic Enantioselective Deprotonation of meso-Epoxides

Enantioselective deprotonation of trans -4- t -butyldimethylsiloxymethyl-1,2-epoxycyclopentane ( trans - 4 ) by a chiral lithium amide, lithium ( S )-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidide ( 1 ), afforded (1 S ,4 S )- trans -4- t -butyldimethylsiloxymethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-ol ( trans - 7 ) in 83 %ee. Alcohol trans - 7 was easily transformed to (−)-carbovir, an anti-HIV carbocyclic nucleoside.

An asymmetric synthesis of (−)-carbovir

Intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 6-(4-alkenyloxymethylene)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ones generated from the reaction between substituted salicylaldehydes and unsaturated alcohols under mild conditions was investigated. In general, the reaction furnished tricyclic compounds containing the pyranobenzopyran skeleton with trans-fused B/C ring in very good yields (Tables 1 and 2). Furthermore, geometry of the olefinic bond of the starting material is retained during the reaction.

Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-c]benzopyrans via Intramolecular Cycloaddition of o-Quinonemethides Generated from Salicylaldehydes and Unsaturated Alcohols under Very Mild Conditions

Chiral di- or triamines, ( S )-2-( N , N -disubstituted aminomethyl)indoline 1a – d , derived from ( S )-indoline-2-carboxylic acid were efficient chiral catalysts for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzincs to aldehydes. The best results were obtained by employing 15 mol% of ( S )-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)indoline 1c , and chiral secondary alcohols were obtained in up to 97% ee.

Seiichi Inoue

Papers

Catalytic enantioselective deprotonation of meso-epoxides by the use of chiral lithium amide

A Novel Highly Effective Chiral Lithium Amide for Catalytic Enantioselective Deprotonation of meso-Epoxides

An asymmetric synthesis of (−)-carbovir

Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-c]benzopyrans via Intramolecular Cycloaddition of o-Quinonemethides Generated from Salicylaldehydes and Unsaturated Alcohols under Very Mild Conditions

Enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc to aldehydes catalyzed by (S)-2-(N,N-disubstituted aminomethyl)indoline