Sen A

Bio: Sen A is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Hypospadias & Fistula. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 3 publications receiving 19 citations.

Pattern of bacterial flora in local genital skin and surgical wounds in children undergoing hypospadias repair: a preliminary study.

Abstract: To evaluate the pattern of bacterial flora in children undergoing hypospadias repair, the following swabs were sent for 60 consecutive subjects: perimeatal swabs at admission and immediately before surgical scrub, and intraoperative and postoperative wound swabs (after the first change of operative dressing). A pure or predominant growth of organism that was not part of the local flora was labelled 'infection'. The peak incidence of infection (53%) was detected in swabs taken at admission. This decreased to 30% in immediately preoperative skin swabs, following local preparations. Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were the most commonly grown pathogens and were sensitive to cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. Proximity to the anus, poor personal hygiene in our study subjects (who were of low socioeconomic status) and the high temperature and humidity in our geographic region probably led to the high incidence of infection. The authors feel that the results of preoperative perimeatal swabs could help dictate antibiotic therapy in patients awaiting hypospadias repair.

Lesser evaluated determinants of fistula formation in children with hypospadias.

Abstract: Determinants of fistula formation, some of them not previously evaluated, were studied in 30 consecutive children admitted for hypospadias repair to our centre. All children were screened for any urinary or local infections. Vicryl and catgut were used alternately for reconstruction of the neo-urethra. Per urethral drainage was employed in all patients. The presence of unfavourable local anatomical factors, the surgeon's satisfaction at the end of the procedure and duration of surgery were noted. The patients were followed up for any urethrocutaneous fistula. Unsatisfactory surgery (chi-square = 6.53, p = 0.01), unfavourable anatomical factors (chi-square = 10.80, p = 0.001) and local infection (chi-square = 5.66, p = 0.017) had a strong association with fistula formation, whereas urine leakage and a history of previous surgery had only a marginal association. On application of stepwise binary logistic regression, unfavourable local anatomical factors (OR [95% CI]: 13.19 [1.20-143.50]) and urine leakage (OR [95% CI]: 14.35 [1.20-171.45]) emerge as strong risk factors for urethrocutaneous fistula, and local infection (OR [95% CI]: 8.70 (0.93-81.01]) as a moderate risk factor.

Mercurochrome as an adjunct to local preoperative preparation in children undergoing hypospadias repair

Abstract: Objective To determine whether the local application of mercurochrome over genital skin before surgery, in addition to soap/water scrubs, can help to decrease the incidence of infection patients undergoing hypospadias repair, and thereby the incidence of fistula formation. Patients and methods The study comprised 44 consecutive boys undergoing primary or repeat surgery for hypospadias between October 1999 and April 2000. They were arbitrarily divided into two groups; group 1 received a conventional local scrub with soap/water 48 h before surgery and group 2, a conventional local scrub with soap/water was followed by a local application of 2% mercurochrome for 48 h before surgery. Both groups were comparable in age, location of the meatus and stage of repair. All patients were exposed to similar conditions during and after surgery. Urine, skin and wound swabs taken before during and after surgery were assessed microbiologically, using standard precautions. The incidence of infection and complications was then compared. Results Mercurochrome significantly decreased local infection, especially before surgery, but its effect in decreasing fistula formation, although appreciable, was not statistically significant. Conclusion The local application of mercurochrome after a soap/water scrub for at least 48 h before surgery is a simple, economic and effective means to decrease postoperative wound infection. Future studies are needed, keeping other determinants of fistula formation constant, to evaluate its role in decreasing fistula formation in patients undergoing hypospadias repair.

Acute postoperative complications of hypospadias repair.

Abstract: Purpose: Complications in hypospadias surgery are higher than other reconstructive procedures. The incidence of complications can be reduced if proper preventive measures are taken. The review aims to highlight incidences, causes, and preventive measures of acute complications of hypospadias repair. Materials and Methods: Literature reports were reviewed in Pubmed by giving the key word acute complications of hypospadias repair, wound infection, wound dehiscence, flap necrosis, edema, penile torsion, urethral fistula, bleeding and hematoma and urethral stents problems. Summaries of all articles were reviewed with full text of relevant article and results were analyzed. Results: Besides mentioning the complications of hypospadias repair in individual articles on the subject, we did not come across any separate article on this subject in the published English literature. Fistula is the commonest complication followed by edema and penile torsion. Conclusions: Most acute complications can be prevented with adherence to principles of plastic and microsurgery, meticulous preoperative planning, and judicious postoperative care. Deviation from these principles may lead to disaster and even failure of the repair. The aim in hypospadias surgery should be following these principles and bring down the complication rates <5% in distal hypospadias and <10% in proximal hypospadias.

Two-stage hypospadias repair: audit in a district general hospital

Abstract: The number of techniques for hypospadias repair is testament to the challenges associated with this condition. In 1994, the senior author undertook an audit of his repairs using the van der Meulen [Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 59 (1977) 20615] technique and determined that the revision rate of 11% was unsatisfactory and the cosmetic result sub-optimal. He, therefore, retrained and began in 1995, using the two-stage technique popularised by Bracka [Br. J. Plast. Surg. 48 (1995) 345]. We undertook an audit of all corrections performed in the period from September 1995 to March 2002. The computer database in the main theatre suite was used to identify all patients on whom such a repair had been undertaken and those notes retrieved. Data was collected on a number of variables including age at operations, complications such as urinary tract infection and fistulae, and total number of corrective operations. One hundred and nineteen patients were identified, of which seven had no records available. Of the remaining 112, 81 were primary repairs, in whom the complication rate was 2.5% for stage I (graft loss) and 9.8% for stage II (fistula rate 7.4%, stenosis 1.2%, baggy urethra requiring reconstruction 1.2%). The remaining 31 patients were those with unsatisfactory single-stage repairs and in this group, graft loss was seen in three cases (10%). The fistula rate was 4/31 (12.9%) and the stenosis rate 2/31 (6.5%). These results compare favourably with a number of published series from surgeons who have super-specialised in this field. We conclude that the two-stage repair is a useful and reliable technique in the hands of a Plastic Surgeon who has a broader interest.

Management of Post Hypospadias Urethral Fistula

Abstract: Complications after any surgical procedures are normal consequences within the standard acceptable percentage among surgeons. Complications are higher in hypospadias surgery as compared to other reconstructive operations. Urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias surgery repair is the most common complication and remains a frustrating problem for surgeons [21]. Generally fistula is defined as a tract connecting two epithelial surfaces. Furthermore, the problem is exacerbated because urethrocutaneous fistula not only occurs but also recurs, sometimes with all the potential harmful physical and psychological consequences. However, with the improvement in suture material and surgical techniques, such complications are increasingly unacceptable. The occurrence of urethrocutaneous fistulae precludes a goal of hypospadias surgery [6]. The reported incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula ranged, from 0 to 30%, varying with the severity of hypospadias, surgical technique, and experience of the operating surgeon [5]. Unfortunately there is no one single perfect technique to repair any urethrocutaneous fistula. The temptation to simply close the hole without understanding the failure mechanisms is dangerous and often leads to recurrence of the fistula or even worse [29]. Many factors influence the results of fistula repair such as the conditions of local tissue, time after hypospadias repair, the number, location and size of the fistula [29]. These factors can be preventable when considered, experience and surgical tips are needed to improve the outcomes in cases of hypospadias fistulae.

Urethro-cutaneous fistula after hypospadia repair: a single institution study

Abstract: Urethro-cutaneous fistula (UCF) is one of the most frequently seen complications of hypospadias surgery requiring reoperation; it occurs with an incidence of between 4% and 28%. Risk factors associated with the development of UCF can be classified as preoperative, intraoperative or postoperative. The aim of this study was to determine the association of perioperative risk factors and the development of urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias repair. A retrospective review of patients who had undergone hypospadias repair at Kenyatta National Hospital between 2013 and 2017 was conducted. 114 patient records were retrieved. The incidence of UCF was 47%. Risk factors that were significantly associated with UCF are hypospadias type (p=0.028), lack of a protective intermediate layer (p=0.002), and presence of postoperative complications (p=0.001). Age at surgery, suture material, type of repair and use of catheter/stents were not significant factors. Multivariate analysis showed wound infection and meatal stenosis as the most significant factors associated with UCF development. Keywords: Hypospadias, Urethro-cutaneous fistula, Risk factors, Wound infection, Meatal stenosis