Author
Seth M. Cohen
Other affiliations: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ...read more
Bio: Seth M. Cohen is an academic researcher from University of California, San Diego. The author has contributed to research in topics: Neutrino & Metal-organic framework. The author has an hindex of 91, co-authored 476 publications receiving 33642 citations. Previous affiliations of Seth M. Cohen include Massachusetts Institute of Technology & École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
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1,868 citations
TL;DR: The rapid increase in reports on PSM demonstrates this methodology will play an increasingly important role in the development of MOFs for the foreseeable future, and in both scope of chemical reactions and range of suitable MOFs.
Abstract: The modification of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in a postsynthetic scheme is discussed in this critical review. In this approach, the MOF is assembled and then modified with chemical reagents with preservation of the lattice structure. Recent findings show amide couplings, isocyanate condensations, ‘click’ chemistry, and other reactions are suitable for postsynthetic modification (PSM). In addition, a number of MOFs, from IRMOF-3 to ZIF-90, are amenable to PSM. The generality of PSM, in both scope of chemical reactions and range of suitable MOFs, clearly indicates that the approach is broadly applicable. Indeed, the rapid increase in reports on PSM demonstrates this methodology will play an increasingly important role in the development of MOFs for the foreseeable future (117 references).
1,644 citations
University of Adelaide1, University of Wisconsin-Madison2, Ghent University3, University of Canterbury4, University of Geneva5, Humboldt University of Berlin6, University of California, Irvine7, University of Mainz8, University of California, Berkeley9, Ohio State University10, Université libre de Bruxelles11, Ruhr University Bochum12, University of Wuppertal13, University of Maryland, College Park14, University of Kansas15, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory16, RWTH Aachen University17, Uppsala University18, University of Alberta19, Stockholm University20, Vrije Universiteit Brussel21, University of Bonn22, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne23, Georgia Institute of Technology24, Pennsylvania State University25, Technical University of Dortmund26, Southern University and A&M College27
TL;DR: The presence of a high-energy neutrino flux containing the most energetic neutrinos ever observed is revealed, including 28 events at energies between 30 and 1200 TeV, although the origin of this flux is unknown and the findings are consistent with expectations for a neutRino population with origins outside the solar system.
Abstract: We report on results of an all-sky search for high-energy neutrino events interacting within the IceCube neutrino detector conducted between May 2010 and May 2012. The search follows up on the previous detection of two PeV neutrino events, with improved sensitivity and extended energy coverage down to about 30 TeV. Twenty-six additional events were observed, substantially more than expected from atmospheric backgrounds. Combined, both searches reject a purely atmospheric origin for the 28 events at the 4 sigma level. These 28 events, which include the highest energy neutrinos ever observed, have flavors, directions, and energies inconsistent with those expected from the atmospheric muon and neutrino backgrounds. These properties are, however, consistent with generic predictions for an additional component of extraterrestrial origin.
1,490 citations
TL;DR: In this tutorial review, a progress report on the postsynthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs is provided and it is shown that PSM is an important approach for the development and advancement of these hybrid solids.
Abstract: Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an important class of hybrid inorganic–organic materials. In this tutorial review, a progress report on the postsynthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs is provided. PSM refers to the chemical modification of the MOF lattice in a heterogeneous fashion. This powerful synthetic approach has grown in popularity and resulted in a number of advances in the functionalization and application of MOFs. The use of PSM to develop MOFs with improved gas sorption, catalytic activity, bioactivity, and more robust physical properties is discussed. The results reported to date clearly show that PSM is an important approach for the development and advancement of these hybrid solids.
985 citations
TL;DR: These two neutrino-induced events could be a first indication of an astrophysical neutrinos flux; the moderate significance, however, does not permit a definitive conclusion at this time.
Abstract: We report on the observation of two neutrino-induced events which have an estimated deposited energy in the IceCube detector of 1.04 +/- 0.16 and 1.14 +/- 0.17 PeV, respectively, the highest neutrino energies observed so far. These events are consistent with fully contained particle showers induced by neutral-current nu(e,mu,tau) ((nu) over bar (e,mu,tau)) or charged-current nu(e) ((nu) over bar (e)) interactions within the IceCube detector. The events were discovered in a search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos using data corresponding to 615.9 days effective live time. The expected number of atmospheric background is 0.082 +/- 0.004(stat)(-0.057)(+0.041)(syst). The probability of observing two or more candidate events under the atmospheric background-only hypothesis is 2.9 x 10(-3) (2.8 sigma) taking into account the uncertainty on the expected number of background events. These two events could be a first indication of an astrophysical neutrino flux; the moderate significance, however, does not permit a definitive conclusion at this time.
786 citations
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TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
01 May 1993
TL;DR: Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems.
Abstract: Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.
29,323 citations
TL;DR: Metal-organic frameworks are porous materials that have potential for applications such as gas storage and separation, as well as catalysis, and methods are being developed for making nanocrystals and supercrystals of MOFs for their incorporation into devices.
Abstract: Crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by reticular synthesis, which creates strong bonds between inorganic and organic units. Careful selection of MOF constituents can yield crystals of ultrahigh porosity and high thermal and chemical stability. These characteristics allow the interior of MOFs to be chemically altered for use in gas separation, gas storage, and catalysis, among other applications. The precision commonly exercised in their chemical modification and the ability to expand their metrics without changing the underlying topology have not been achieved with other solids. MOFs whose chemical composition and shape of building units can be multiply varied within a particular structure already exist and may lead to materials that offer a synergistic combination of properties.
10,934 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a cosmological analysis based on full-mission Planck observations of temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.
Abstract: This paper presents cosmological results based on full-mission Planck observations of temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Our results are in very good agreement with the 2013 analysis of the Planck nominal-mission temperature data, but with increased precision. The temperature and polarization power spectra are consistent with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter ΛCDM cosmology with a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted “base ΛCDM” in this paper). From the Planck temperature data combined with Planck lensing, for this cosmology we find a Hubble constant, H0 = (67.8 ± 0.9) km s-1Mpc-1, a matter density parameter Ωm = 0.308 ± 0.012, and a tilted scalar spectral index with ns = 0.968 ± 0.006, consistent with the 2013 analysis. Note that in this abstract we quote 68% confidence limits on measured parameters and 95% upper limits on other parameters. We present the first results of polarization measurements with the Low Frequency Instrument at large angular scales. Combined with the Planck temperature and lensing data, these measurements give a reionization optical depth of τ = 0.066 ± 0.016, corresponding to a reionization redshift of . These results are consistent with those from WMAP polarization measurements cleaned for dust emission using 353-GHz polarization maps from the High Frequency Instrument. We find no evidence for any departure from base ΛCDM in the neutrino sector of the theory; for example, combining Planck observations with other astrophysical data we find Neff = 3.15 ± 0.23 for the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, consistent with the value Neff = 3.046 of the Standard Model of particle physics. The sum of neutrino masses is constrained to ∑ mν < 0.23 eV. The spatial curvature of our Universe is found to be very close to zero, with | ΩK | < 0.005. Adding a tensor component as a single-parameter extension to base ΛCDM we find an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r0.002< 0.11, consistent with the Planck 2013 results and consistent with the B-mode polarization constraints from a joint analysis of BICEP2, Keck Array, and Planck (BKP) data. Adding the BKP B-mode data to our analysis leads to a tighter constraint of r0.002 < 0.09 and disfavours inflationarymodels with a V(φ) ∝ φ2 potential. The addition of Planck polarization data leads to strong constraints on deviations from a purely adiabatic spectrum of fluctuations. We find no evidence for any contribution from isocurvature perturbations or from cosmic defects. Combining Planck data with other astrophysical data, including Type Ia supernovae, the equation of state of dark energy is constrained to w = −1.006 ± 0.045, consistent with the expected value for a cosmological constant. The standard big bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the best-fit Planck base ΛCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. We also constraints on annihilating dark matter and on possible deviations from the standard recombination history. In neither case do we find no evidence for new physics. The Planck results for base ΛCDM are in good agreement with baryon acoustic oscillation data and with the JLA sample of Type Ia supernovae. However, as in the 2013 analysis, the amplitude of the fluctuation spectrum is found to be higher than inferred from some analyses of rich cluster counts and weak gravitational lensing. We show that these tensions cannot easily be resolved with simple modifications of the base ΛCDM cosmology. Apart from these tensions, the base ΛCDM cosmology provides an excellent description of the Planck CMB observations and many other astrophysical data sets.
10,728 citations
University of Colorado Boulder1, Harvard University2, Mayo Clinic3, Boston University4, University of Pennsylvania5, University of Pittsburgh6, University of Siena7, University Health Network8, Institut Gustave Roussy9, Oregon Health & Science University10, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center11, Duke University12, University of Cincinnati13, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center14, MedStar Washington Hospital Center15
TL;DR: Evidence-based recommendations are developed to inform clinical decision-making in the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer and represent, in the authors' opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
Abstract: Background: Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the American Thyroid Association's (ATA's) guidelines for the management of these disorders were revised in 2009, significant scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: The specific clinical questions addressed in these guidelines were based on prior versions of the guidelines, stakeholder input, and input of task force members. Task force panel members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database searching, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Published English language articles on adults were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians Guideline Gr...
10,501 citations