This article offers a new taxonomy of how actors may change ethnic boundaries. I distinguish between five main strategies: to redraw a boundary by either expanding or limiting the domain of people included in one's own ethnic category; to modify existing boundaries by challenging the hierarchical ordering of ethnic categories, or by changing one's own position within a boundary system, or by emphasizing other, non-ethnic forms of belonging. The taxonomy claims to be exhaustive and accommodates a considerable number of historical and contemporary cases both from the developed and the developing world. It aims at overcoming the fragmentation of the literature along disciplinary and sub-disciplinary lines and prepares the ground for an agency-based comparative model of ethnic boundary making.

/pdf/elementary-strategies-of-ethnic-boundary-making-21vvv1ucat.pdf

Elementary strategies of ethnic boundary making

Nationalism has long excited debate in political, social and cultural theory and remains a key field of enquiry among historians, anthropologists, sociologists as well as political scientists. It is also one of the critical media issues of our time. There are, however, surprisingly few volumes that bring together the best of this intellectual diversity into one collection.

The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism

CONTRIBUTORS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION EUGENICS AND THE MODERN WORLD PHILIPPA LEVINE AND ALISON BASHFORD PART ONE: TRANSNATIONAL THEMES IN THE HISTORY OF EUGENICS DIANE B. PAUL AND JAMES MOORE PHILIPPA LEVINE MARIUS TURDA NILS ROLL-HANSEN SUSANNE KLAUSEN AND ALISON BASHFORD MATHEW THOMSON VERONIQUE MOTTIER ALISON BASHFORD ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN A. DIRK MOSES AND DAN STONE PART TWO: NATIONAL/COLONIAL FORMATIONS LUCY BLAND AND LESLEY HALL SARAH HODGES STEPHEN GARTON YUEHTSEN JULIETTE CHUNG SAUL DUBOW CHLOE CAMPBELL SUNIL S. AMRITH PAUL WEINDLING RICHARD S. FOGARTY AND MICHAEL A. OSBORNE HANS POLS MATTIAS TYDEN MARIA SOPHIA QUINE MARIA BUCUR NIKOLAI KREMENTSOV JENNIFER ROBERTSON CYRUS SCHAYEGH RAPHAEL FALK PATIENCE A. SCHELL GILBERTO HOCHMAN, NISIA TRINDADE LIMA, AND MARCOS CHOR MAIO WENDY KLINE CAROLYN STRANGE AND JENNIFER A. STEPHEN EPILOGUE: WHERE DID EUGENICS GO? ALISON BASHFORD CHRONOLOGY INDEX

The Oxford handbook of the history of eugenics

Nationally-specific definitions of citizenship proved decisive for the development of the Tax State in Brazil and South Africa in the twentieth century. Although both countries had been divided along racial and regional lines in the late nineteenth century, watershed constitutions addressed these political problems in very different ways. South Africa's institutionalized white supremacy created a level of political solidarity that contributed to the development of a highly progressive and efficient tax system. In Brazil, federalism and official non-racialism proved more divisive, making the enactment and collection of progressive taxes much more difficult. The legacy of these divergent state-building processes remains evident at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Lieberman extends this analysis to a wider group of country cases and finds similar patterns and causal relationships between the politics of race, region, and taxation. The findings are based on field research, large-scale national surveys, macroeconomic data, and various archival sources.

Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa

Comparative research on racial classification has often turned to Latin America, where race is thought to be particularly fluid. Using nationally representative data from the 2010 and 2012 America’s Barometer survey, the authors examine patterns of self-identification in four countries. National differences in the relation between skin color, socioeconomic status, and race were found. Skin color predicts race closely in Panama but loosely in the Dominican Republic. Moreover, despite the dominant belief that money whitens, the authors discover that status polarizes (Brazil), mestizoizes (Colombia), darkens (Dominican Republic), or has no effect (Panama). The results show that race is both physical and cultural, with country variations in racial schema that reflect specific historical and political trajectories.

Severino J. Albuquerque

Papers

Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought