This review describes recent advances in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with an emphasis on its novel applications to various electrochemistry-related problems. Section 1 discusses the development of new EIS techniques to reduce measurement time. For this purpose, various forms of multisine EIS techniques were first developed via a noise signal synthesized by mixing ac waves of various frequencies, followed by fast Fourier transform of the signal and the resulting current. Subsequently, an entirely new concept was introduced in which true white noise was used as an excitation source, followed by Fourier transform of both excitation and response signals. Section 2 describes novel applications of the newly developed techniques to time-resolved impedance measurements as well as to impedance imaging. Section 3 is devoted to recent applications of EIS techniques, specifically traditional measurements in various fields with a special emphasis on biosensor detections.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials.

A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms

Solid-state nanopores are capable of the label-free analysis of single molecules. It is possible to add biochemical selectivity by anchoring a molecular receptor inside the nanopore, but it is difficult to maintain single-molecule sensitivity in these modified nanopores. Here, we show that metallized silicon nitride nanopores chemically modified with nitrilotriacetic acid receptors can be used for the stochastic sensing of proteins. The reversible binding and unbinding of the proteins to the receptors is observed in real time, and the interaction parameters are statistically analysed from single-molecule binding events. To demonstrate the versatile nature of this approach, we detect His-tagged proteins and discriminate between the subclasses of rodent IgG antibodies.

Stochastic sensing of proteins with receptor-modified solid-state nanopores

Accurate electrochemical measurement of magnesium corrosion rates; A combined impedance, mass-loss and hydrogen collection study

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool to investigate properties of materials and electrode reactions. This Primer provides a guide to the use of EIS with a comparison to other electrochemical techniques. The analysis of impedance data for reduction of ferricyanide in a KCl supporting electrolyte is used to demonstrate the error structure for impedance measurements, the use of measurement and process models, as well as the sensitivity of impedance to the evolution of electrode properties. This Primer provides guidelines for experimental design, discusses the relevance of accuracy contour plots to wiring and instrumentation selection, and emphasizes the importance of the Kramers-Kronig relations to data validation and analysis. Applications of EIS to battery performance, metal and alloy corrosion, and electrochemical biosensors are highlighted. Electrochemical impedance measurements depend on both the mechanism under investigation and extrinsic parameters, such as the electrode geometry. Experimental complications are discussed, including the influence of nonstationary behaviour at low frequencies and the need for reference electrodes. Finally, emerging trends in experimental and interpretation approaches are also described.

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Shangshang Wang

Papers

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy